Lascaux, which has been called "The Sistine Chapel of the Paleolithic", was discovered on September 12, 1940 by 18-year-old Marcel Ravidat when his dog, Robot, fell into a hole. Ravidar returned to the cave with three friends, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas. The four re-entered the cave and discovered the splendid cave paintings on the walls of the cave. A few days later the boys told M. Laval, a retired schoolmaster, and Maurice Thaon, a young acquaintance of Abbé Henri Breuil, of their discovery. Thaon made a few preliminary sketches of the cave art and brought them to Breuil, the leading authority on paleolithic or cave art.On September 21, 1940 the four discoverers returned to the cave with Abbé Breuil. In his first exploration of the cave Breuil was acccompanied by prehistorians Denis Peyrony, Jean Bouyssonie and André Cheynier.

Breuil published the first preliminary scientific description of the cave and its paintings in Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, September-October issue, 1940, as cited above. He also published a slightly more detailed account entitled, "Grotte de Lascaux. Rapport" in Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord (1940). Illustrations in that brief seven-page paper included reproductions of some of Thaon’s sketches.

Cartailhac’s famous retraction of his opposition to the concept of paleolithic cave wall art, published over 20 years after Sanz de Sautuola’s discovery of the Altamira cave paintings in northern Spain. Cartailhac, one of the most influential prehistorians of the time, had ridiculed Sanz de Sautuola’s announcement of the Altamira paintings at the 1880 Prehistorical Conference in Lisbon; his refusal to accept the paintings’ authenticity—or even to visit the Altamira site—retarded the study of cave art for two decades. The case against paleolithic cave art was weakened by the subsequent discovery of several examples in France, including La Mouthe, and in 1902 Cartailhac finally agreed to go to Altamira to see the cave’s paintings for himself. Convinced by this visit, Cartailhac became one of the most fervent and enthusiastic scholars of cave art, publishing several works on the subject.

Link described Polyangium, the first bacterium to be described that is still recognized today. Link also described Penicillium for the first time.

A comprehensive manual by a physician on female hygiene, beauty and adornment, containing hundreds of recommendations, advice on cosmetics, and more than two dozen recipes for dyes to bleach hair blond. Marinello recommended a nightly application of a herbal infusion to improve the effects of aging. Marinello has been called "the founder of modern cosmetology." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

An historical account of the discovery of the anticoagulant Warfarin by the primary investigator. The first use for this substance was rat poison. Digital facsimile from ahajournals.org at this link.

From the number of volumes planned we may conclude that Virchow was one of the most prolific of all physicians. According to the Wikipedia article on Christian Andree, to which I have linked, volumes in this set were published by Peter Lang from 1992 to 1997, by Blackwell from 1999 to 2001, by Langen Müller in 2002, by Königshausen & Neuman in 2002, by Blackwell in 2003, and by Olms from 2005 to 2015. An Olms brochure which was available online when I wrote this entry in January 2020 indicated that Vols.1-29 would concern Medicine, Vols. 30-41 Politics, Vols. 42-58 Anthropology including Prehistory, Vols. 55 to 71 letters between Virchow and his contemporaries. In January 2020 it appeared that most, but not all, of the planned volumes were published.

Between the mid-1700s and the early 1900s many physicians lost confidence in their ability to declare legal death. This phenomenon was in part sparked by Winslow, whose dissertation claimed the existence of a death-like state often referred to as “suspended animation.” In addition, it argued that victims to these conditions should not be pronounced dead, nor buried, until their bodies demonstrated overt putrefaction. 

Translated into French with commentary by Jean Bruhier as as Dissertation sur l'incertitude des signes de la mort, et l'abus des enterremens, & embaumemens précipités (Paris: Chez Morel...., 1742). And translated into English as The Uncertainty of the Signs of Death and the Danger of Precipitate Interments and Dissections, Demonstrated. ... with proper directions, both for preventing such accidents, and repairing the misfortunes brought upon the constitution by them. To the whole is added a curious and entertaining account of the funeral solemnities of many ancient and modern nations, exhibiting precautions they made use of to ascertain the certainty of death (London: M. Cooper, 1746.) Digital facsimile of the French translation from Google Books at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Blattner, Plunkett, Bloch....
Complete genome sequence of E. coli, the first complete genome sequence of an organism. Following p. 1462 there are two large, unpaginated, folding genome maps, each containing 3 pages of content.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Grande, Michelacci, Bondi.... Demonstration that a phage infecting E. coli conveys the genes into the E. coli that code for the production of the verotoxin that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome. The authors also discovered that the reservoirs of this toxin-producing strain are pigeons.

Available from cdc.gov at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Isolation of Asparagine, the first amino acid to be isolated.

On pp. 144-146 of vol. 1 Runge reported the isolation of relatively pure caffeine for the first time. He called it "Kaffebase." Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. In 1821 the French chemists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou independently isolated caffeine without knowledge of Runge's work. 

Probably the first scientific book on transsexuality issued by a university press.

"Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment had its origins in the advisory board meetings of the Henry Benjamin Foundation. In the earliest stages, it was discussed as a volume that would embody the findings of the research group working directly under the auspices of the Foundation. it soon became evident that such a limitation would make the book unnecessarily parochial. It would, for example, have excluded those patients who were treated and operated at the newly constituted John Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic and who were not also patients in the Harry Benjamin Foundation research study, as well as the important body of work being done elsewhere, especially in Europe."

Digital facsimile from jstor.org at this link.

Griffth was probably the first American woman to publish in the sciences outside of materia medica and childcare. This article was probably her earliest non-geological publication. See Robt S. Cox, "A spontaneous flow: The geological contributions of Mary Griffith, 1772-1846," Earth Sciences History, 12, 187-195.

Founded in 1881, this Dutch organization is the oldest skeptical organization in the world investigating alternative medicine and quackery. It has published its periodical since 1881. The archive of the periodical may be viewed on the society's website: https://www.kwakzalverij.nl/tijdschrift/

Bolton, a chemist, was the earliest American bibliographer of chemistry. His first edition, which atempted to list "the principal books on chemistry published in Europe and America from the rise of the literature to the close of the year 1892," included 12,031 titles. A second edition, covering the literature to 1904, and completed posthumously, listed over 14,000 titles.

Digital facsimile of the 1893 edition from Google Books at this link.

Auction catalogue of Bernard's library conducted by Bernard's publisher and bookseller, J.-B Baillière et Fils.  The sale, conducted over 4 days, included 1077 lots. Most were books published during Bernard's lifetime. Bernard did own a few antiquarian anatomical works, including a Vesalius Epitome (1543) but no Fabrica. Digital facsimile from picus.unica.it at this link.

Auction catalogue of Brown's library, comprising 291 lots.

The first work on vision written by a woman and published in the United States. Griffith published the work anonymously. 

"Griffith’s work had its start in print in 1834, when she published two articles on vision in David Brewster’s prestigious Philosophical Magazine: “Observations of the Vision of the Retina” (4: 43–46) and “Observations on the Spectra of the Eye and the Seat of Vision” (5:192–196). Both contributions appeared under her own name. Brewster, certainly a leading authority in the field of optics at the time, appended an editorial comment to the first article stating that some of the conclusions reached by Griffith were incorrect, but nonetheless he felt that her observations were interesting enough to be printed. Not one to take criticism well, Griffith led off her second article with an attack on Brewster, objecting that he had provided no evidence to back up his claim, and she, for one, continued to believe that she was correct in all particulars. In both the dedication and the preface of Discoveries in Light and Vision, Griffith acknowledges that her conclusions are often diametrically opposed to those held by the leading scientific men of the day, but she is convinced that their soundness will one day be acknowledged even by her harshest critics" (Joseph J. Felcone, private communication).

Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

A critique of medical practice and procedures in 80 pages of rhymed couplets voiced by farmyard animals. Mary Griffith, who published these satirical poems anonymously, dedicated the work to the Philadelphia physician Nathanial Chapman, who she considered "one of the 'three good doctors.' "

Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

"After resigning his professorship of anatomy and physiology at Heidelberg due to deteriorating eyesight, Friedrich Tiedemann (1781-1861) sold his extensive personal library—over 4,600 volumes, assembled over fifty years—to Dr. Morrill Wyman (1812-1904) of Cambridge. On June 12, 1893, Wyman presented the Tiedemann Collection to the Cambridge Public Library, and Oliver Wendell Holmes said of the gift, “It is a great thing to have such a library as that of Tiedemann as a nucleus for a scientific collection. His wide investigations during his life of eighty years, through many branches of anatomy and physiology, must have caused him to bring together a great number of works of which it would be hard to find duplicates outside of the great European libraries.” After Morrill Wyman’s death, the Cambridge Public Library placed the Tiedemann collection on deposit with the Boston Medical Library in 1904; that deposit was then converted to an outright gift in 1966, following the opening of the Countway building" (https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/collections/show/109).

Catalogue of the collection formed by Smith, provost of the University of Pennsylvania. The collection was augmented by the university after its donation by Smith.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The Michaelis-Menten equation, which showed that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is proportional to the amount of the enzyme-substrate complex. This relationship between reaction rate and enzyme–substrate concentration is one of the best-known models of enzyme kinetics.

This fully annotated catalogue of nearly 5000 items from the library of the U.S. President, while unillustrated, is perhaps the finest and most detailed annotated bibliographical catalogue of the library of any scientist. It appears to be exhaustive in all details regarding each work in Jefferson's library. Sowerby was hired in 1942 by the Library of Congress to prepare a fully annotated catalogue of the books that Jefferson sold to the U.S. government in 1815. Because of the complexity of the task the first volume did not appear until 1952. Prior to the Jefferson project Sowerby had an extensive career as a rare book cataloguer:

After graduating from Girton College, Cambridge, Sowerby worked in London as a cataloger for rare book dealer Wilfrid Michael Voynich, and then briefly as a librarian at Birkbeck College before serving as a counterintelligence agent in Paris during World War I. Upon her return to England in 1916, Sowerby worked as a cataloger at Sotheby's, the first woman in the 'expert' workforce of an auction house. She moved to the United States in 1923, finding employment as a cataloger with the American Art Association and then at the New York Public Library (until January 1925).In March 1925, she became a bibliographer for A. S. W. Rosenbach in Philadelphia and New York City where she was employed until February 1942.

Reprinted by the University of Virginia Press with a new Foreward, 1983.

Mohs surgery for common types of skin cancer.

The history of female physicians in the U.S. military.

The first biographical encyclopedia of American homeopathic physicians and surgeons. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Hoag was medical director of the public schools in Berkeley, California. As Hoag wrote in his introduction, the object of this work was "to show teachers and parents how to detect easily those ordinary physical defects of the child which bar his progress in school and life, and to suggest means by which such defects may be removed and good health afterwards maintained. Incidentally it may prove of some value to physicians who are for the first time applying themselves to this special sort of Public Health work." Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Posthumously published autobiography of one of the first transgender women, known prior to the sex change as the Danish painter Einar Wegener. Translated into English as Man into woman: An authentic record of a change of sex. By Lili Elbe. Edited by Niels Hoyer [i.e. E. Harthern]. Translated from the German by H.J. Stenning. Introduction by Norman Haire. London: Jarrold Publishers, 1933.

"In 2000, David Ebershoff wrote The Danish Girl, a fictionalised account of Elbe's life.^[35] It was an international bestseller and was translated into a dozen languages. In 2015, it was made into a film, also called The Danish Girl, produced by Gail Mutrux and Neil LaBute and starring Eddie Redmayne as Elbe. The film was well received at the Venice Film Festival in September 2015,^[36] although it has been criticised for its casting of an English cisgender man to play a Danish transgender woman.^[37] Both the novel and the film omitted topics including [Gerda] Gottlieb's sexuality, which is evidenced by the subjects in her erotic drawings,^[38] and the disintegration of Gottlieb and Elbe's relationship after their annulment^[39] "(Wikipedia article on Iili Elbe, accessed 1-2020).

The first separately published work on human origins published in the continent of Africa. Hillier's text was read on his behalf before the Eastern Province Literary and Scientific Society in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa, and published in the Grahamstown Journal  on 23 and 25 November 1886. It was reprinted in the 1887 New Year edition of the East London Dispatch, a newspaper also published in the South African province of Eastern Cape. 

In his Descent of man (1871) Darwin postulated that the ancestors of humanity would eventually be found in Africa, based on the extensive primate populations there. However, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with the exception of Alfred Hillier and Langham Dale, paleoanthropologists focused their researches in Europe and Asia rather than Africa. This focus only very gradually began to change after Raymond Dart discovered Australopithecus africanus in 1924.

Jefferson wrote Notes on the State of Virginia in response to a series of questions sent in 1781 to various members of the Continental Congress by François Barbé-Marbois, then secretary to the French legation at Philadelphia. Joseph Jones forwarded the questionnaire received by the Virginia delegation to Jefferson, who was then completing his term as Governor of Virginia.

By the time the book was first published Jefferson was serving as U.S. trade representative in Paris, having been sent there in 1784. Jefferson issued the first edition of this work privately, and anonymously, in Paris in 1785, in an edition limited to 200 copies. The first edition begins with an unconventional first page that combines a statement of the title with a table of contents, and no place, publisher or publication date specified. A conventionally printed French translation by the Abbé André Morellet appeared in 1786. The first conventionally published English-language edition was issued by John Stockdale in London in 1787. In her catalogue of The Library of Thomas Jefferson  Sowerby devoted 30 pages to her description and annotations of this work (Vol. 4, no. 4167; pp. 301-330).

Jefferson divided the text into 23 chapters called "Queries," each describing a different aspect of the state of Virginia. They are:

 When I wrote this entry in January 2020 I did not find a digital facsimile of the first edition online; however the Massachusetts Historical Society preserves and has digitized Jefferson's autograph manuscript for the work. It is available from masshist.org at this link.

A fourth expanded edition of this textbook, edited by Shortliffe and James J. Cimino, was published as Biomedical informatics: Computer applications in health care and biomedicine (New York: Springer, 2014).

In this work Ehrenberg first published his classification of infusioria, including the naming of bacteria for the first time. The work published two papers based on his expeditions. The first, read on January 10, 1828, was "Die geographische Verbreitung der Infusionsthierschen in Nord-Afrika und West-Asien, bebachtet auf Hemprich und Enrenbergs Reisen". This was the work in which Ehrenberg first published his classification of infusoria, and named bacteria. In it he set out his findings from travels through north Africa and Arabia in 1820-1825, during which he accumulated some 34,000 zoological and 46,000 botanical specimens. Considering the enormous amount of material accumulated, it must have taken Ehrenberg a few years to organize and summarize some of the findings.

Ehrenberg's second paper, read on March 4 and 18, 1830, was "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien." In this lectures he recounted findings during his travels through Russia, which were patronized by Alexander von Humboldt, and financed by Czar Nicholas I.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

An essential account of the life and contributions of Charcot.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Eiseman, Silen, Bascom.... Report of the first "fecal transplant / fecal therapy," also known as "faecal microbiota transplanation," for recurrent / resistant C. difficile colitis. Eiseman and Bascom were surgeons; this could explain why this paper on infectious disease was published in the journal Surgery. When published in 1958 this treatment was considered "extremely radical" and was widely criticized. Several decades later the technique eventually became the "therapy of choice" in the 21st century for particularly virulent C. difficile infections.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Nood, Vrieze, Nieuwdorp....This research provided convincing evidence that fecal donation (faecal microbiota transplantation) is more effective therapy for virulent C. difficile infections than the previous drug of choice, Vancomycin.

Digital facsimile from NEJM.org at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Shao, Forster, Tsaliki....The authors used whole genome sequencing to characterize the microbiota of caesarian babies, demonstrating that caesarian babies were not colonized with healthy mothers' microbiomic species, but by opportunistic pathogens from the hospital environment. "This analysis demonstrates that the mode of delivery is a significant factor that affects the composition of the gut microbiota throughout the neonatal period and into infancy."

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Stewart, Ajami, O'Brien....This study confirmed that "breastfeeding was associated with higher levels of Bididofacterium species" (a very desirable organism), and that "infants delivered vaginally had higher levels of Bacteroides species" (another common and very desirable/healthy microbe). 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Almeida, Mitchell, Boland....

Abstract:

"The composition of the human gut microbiota is linked to health and disease, but knowledge of individual microbial species is needed to decipher their biological roles. Despite extensive culturing and sequencing efforts, the complete bacterial repertoire of the human gut microbiota remains undefined. Here we identify 1,952 uncultured candidate bacterial species by reconstructing 92,143 metagenome-assembled genomes from 11,850 human gut microbiomes. These uncultured genomes substantially expand the known species repertoire of the collective human gut microbiota, with a 281% increase in phylogenetic diversity. Although the newly identified species are less prevalent in well-studied populations compared to reference isolate genomes, they improve classification of understudied African and South American samples by more than 200%. These candidate species encode hundreds of newly identified biosynthetic gene clusters and possess a distinctive functional capacity that might explain their elusive nature. Our work expands the known diversity of uncultured gut bacteria, which provides unprecedented resolution for taxonomic and functional characterization of the intestinal microbiota." 

When we wrote this entry in January 2020 this paper was available from nature.com at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Thompson, Holmes, Gottesfeld, Taylor. This was the first paper on the use of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology published in the United States.

Randall founded the theory of kidney stone formation on anchored papillary plaque. https://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/randalls-plaque/

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Little is known of the anonymous author of this early illustrated work on trees except that she was also "Mrs. William Hey" and had previously published The moral of flowers. The beautiful hand-colored plates presumably were reproduced from paintings by the author. She identified herself as "Mrs. Hey" in the expanded edition of 1849 retitled Sylvan musings, or the spirit of the woods.

Digital facsimile of the 1837 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link, of the 1849 edition at this link.

Edmund Kornfeld, an organic chemist working at Eli Lilly, first isolated Vancomycin in 1953 from a soil sample collected from the interior jungles of Borneo by a missionary, Rev. William M. Bouw (1918-2006). The organism that produced it was eventually named Amycolatopsis orientalis.^[21] The original purpose for Vancomycin was the treatment of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

McGuire and colleagues published several following parts in this study: 

"Vancomycin, a new antibiotic.II. In vitro antibacterial studies." Antibiot. Ann., 3 (1955-56) 612-18.

The antibiotic was purified in 1958:

R.M. Higgins, W.H. Harrison, G.M. Wild, H.R. Wild, M.H. McCormick."Vancomycin, a new antibiotic. VI. Purification and properties of vancomycin," Antibiot. Ann., 5, 906-14.

See Donald P. Levine, "Vancomycin: A history," Clin. Infect. Dis., 42 (2006) Suppl. 1, S5-12.

An attempt at a truly comprehensive bibliography of the world literature in western languages on these subjects to 1900, including more than 100,000 entries. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Catalogue of the plants in the Hortus Botanicus Leiden, posthumously edited from Hermann's unpublished manuscript, and reproducing 111 of Hermann's botanical illustrations, by William Sherard. Digital facsimile from Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid at this link.

In this treatise on the flowering plants in the Hortus Botanicus Leiden Hermann coined the term Angiospermae as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. This division included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from what Hermann named "Gymnospermae, or flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits, the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a seed and naked" (Wikipedia article on Flowering plant, accessed 1-2020). Hermann used the term "Angiopolyspermae" on p. 1 of this work. Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

Paul Hermann's study of the plants of Sri Lanka collected during his experience as a Ship's Medical Oficer in the Dutch East India Company after Hermann completed his medical studies at Padua. This work was edited for posthumous publication by William Sherard. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Leaf helped found Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) in 1961 and became a prominent member of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW). This paper highlighted "new research on estimated casualties, the effects of radiation, and post-blast immune dysfunction. A full third of the article examined what looked to be the most deadly consequence of any nuclear war: global starvation. Food reserves would be contaminated or plundered, technologies for harvest, transportation, and refrigeration would fail, and radiation would disrupt ecosystems" (Dunk & Jones, Sounding the alarm on climate change, 1989 and 2019," New Engl. J. Med., 382 (2020) 205-07.).

Results from this large research consortium show the influence of the microbiome on preterm birth, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, and prediabetes leading to type II diabetes.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Corr, Li, Reidel...Hill. The authors discovered that Lactobacilli produce a bacteriocin, a peptidic toxin that inhibits the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. This particular bacteriocin, identified as Abp118, provides the protective value of Lactobacillus salivarius against pathogenic bacteria in the human microbiome.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Discovery of bacteriocins. Gratia called his discovery a colicine because bacteriocins killed E. coli.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Piewngam, Zheng, Nguygen....The authors discovered a mechanism by which probiotics help maintain a healthy microbiome. They showed that Bacillus subtilis can produce a bioactive lipopeptide called Fengycin that inhibits quorum sensing of pathogens-- a vital signaling mechanism of some bacteria, which helps them regulate gene transcription. Quorum sensing is tied to and responsive to the population density of that bacteria. In this study the Bacillus fengycin eradicated Staphylococcus aureus. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Sonnenberg, Xu, Leip....The authors showed that complex plant carbohydrates (glycans), which the human body cannot digest, provide food for benign bacteria in the microbiome, and that feeding them appropriately maintains our symbiotic relationship with these benign bacteria. This glycan material that provides food for benign bacteria in the microbiome was later called Prebiotics. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Zimmermann, Simmerman-Kogadeeva, Wegmann....The authors looked at 271 drugs and 68 different species from the main taxonomic microbiome groups. Of the 271 drugs, 176 underwent a substantial metabolic change caused by at least one bacterial strain which resulted in a reduction of the level of the active drug. Every bacterial strain tested metabolized some of the drugs. 

Using a practical example drug like Diltiazem (for the treatment of hypertension) the authors found that a specific gene (bt4096) in the common microbiome species Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is required for the human body to metabolize the drug, and that this specific bacteria is needed to metabolize that drug because only the metabolite of that drug is active in the body as a blood pressure medicine. 

The paper drew three conclusions:

1. Bacteria can metabolize a drug and convert it to its active and useful molecular version.

2. Bacteria can metabolize a drug and inactivate it.

3. Bacteria can metabolize a drug and convert it into a toxic product.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Although the title page does not indicate it, this work was written by various physicians, including Kelly and Burrage, who also served as editors. It begins with a comprehensive bibliography of biographical literature on which the authors based many of the biographies. Digital facsimile of the 1920 edition from Google Books at this link.

"I have attempted in this monograph to give an accurate and concise account of all the amoebae which live in human beings." Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A semi-popular and extensively illustrated summary of research on artificial intelligence in medicine at Stanford Medical School as directed by Edward A. Feigenbaum, Stanley N. Cohen, Carl Djerassi, and Elliott C. Levinthal. 

The first treatise to specifically on urinary calculi and gallstones, with each of the 12 chapters exploring a part of the human body where such stones are found (gall bladder, kidneys, bladder, etc.). Additionally, the work discusses various non-digestible objects ingested by people. This work was also published in Conrad Gesner's collection, De omni rerum fossilium (1565). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A collection of eight separate tracts, most with their own title page, by seven authors, all edited, and some with commentary by Gesner. The work is relevant for the history of "natural history" for containing Kentmann's Catalogus, the earliest printed catalogue of a mineral collection. This was probably also the earliest printed catalogue of any private collection in natural history. Though Kentmann's collection may have existed only in a cabinet, and was not formally a museum, because of the very early date, I think it is worthwhile to include his collection in this bibliography.

Supposedly Kentmann's catalogue was also published separately, but because no copies appear to exist with their own title page, I suspect that separate publication was doubtful. On the other hand, Kentmann's catalogue of calculi (No. 11489) was clearly issued with its own title page, and was thus probably available both in Gesner's collection and as a separate work.

Curtis Schuh's online Biobibliography of Minerology has this to say about Kentmann's minerology catalogue:

Catalogus rerum fossilium Io. Kentmani numerous folii puncto praeeunte, faciem priorem indcat:sequente, posteriorem. 

"This early catalog describes the "fossils" or "things dug from the earth" collected by Johannes Kentmann. Although some petrified remains of animal and plants are included in the descriptions, it is essentially a portrait of a fifteenth century mineral collection. This treatise is therefore the earliest work to catalog mineralogical items in their own right.

"The text gives a detailed inventory of 1,608 individual specimens, with an unusual feature for the period of providing accurate locality information for each sample described. As would be expected, over 1,100 of the specimens originated from the region around Saxony where Kentmann flourished. Yet a suprising aspect are the 472 specimens described as having come from foreign lands. This indicates the vigor and great expense Kentmann used to acquire material for his ever growing collection. Unfortunately, none of the specimens was illustrated. However, a major novelty of the work was a woodcut illustration of the actual mineral cabinet used to store the collection. The picture shows thirteen drawers that were used to segragate the specimens. This closely follows the method of classification outlined in the text.

"The system devised by the author is based principally on the work of Georg Agricola, but modified and enlarged upon Gesner's insistance. It consists of twenty-six major divisions with headings such as earths, stones, flourites, hard-bodied minerals, marbles, ores of gold, silver, copper and lead, pyrites, antimony, iron, etc. Each division was then subdivided according to the kind of species. For example, this separation included male and female loadstone, which respectively, attracted or repeled iron particles. A good modern translation and analysis of Kentmann's work is provided in Prescher, H., J. Helm and G. Fraustadt, "Johannes Kentmanns Mineralienkatalog, aus dem Jahre 1565," Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, 30 (1980), 5-152."

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

 (Thanks to Arnaud Mignan, medium.com, for drawing my attention to this work.)

Bree "embodied the numerous experiments in his own case, gave a more full and complete view of asthma and dyspnœa than had hitherto appeared, and laid down some important therapeutic rules, the practical value of which has been universally acknowledged" (Munk).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A separate edition in book form was also issued.

This work on monkeys and apes was published in a series of ten fascicules, with a total of 65 plates drawn and engraved by Audbert, and printed in color. Audebert was a miniaturist who developed a technique of color printing using oil-based inks that was first used in this work. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Besler was the first to illustrate a natural history Wunderkammer in Germany. The engraved frontispiece  of this work, which Besler published himself, depicts Besler exhibiting the contents to a visitor. The first edition included 24 engraved plates. It was undated, but has been assigned the date of 1616 by most bibliographers. A chronogram date on the title page indicates 1622.

Jacques and Paul Contant were Huguenot apothecaries in Poitiers, and notable collectors. There were among the first in France to assemble a cabinet of curiosities or Wunderkammer. The first work, a commentary on Dioscorides, was written by Jacques, who died in 1588. It was revised for publication by his son Paul. The fifth part of this work, Le jardin et cabinet poétique, first appeared in 1609; the other four works were published here for the first time.

The Constants' text is devoted to the most remarkable plants, animals, spices, minerals, and natural wonders and oddities mentioned by Dioscorides, with a commentary on their unusual features and properties. The frontispiece and plates illustrate 120 of these different specimens. They are keyed with a page number referring to the text. Schnapper, Le géant, la licorne, la tulipe. Collections françcaises au XVIIe siècle, 222-225.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.