Gritti–Stokes amputation (see also No. 4466).

Gegenbaur’s best work. He stressed the value of comparative anatomy as the basis of the study of descent, considering that knowledge of the relations of corresponding parts in different animals was more important even than comparative embryology in this respect.

Fick principle for the calculation of cardiac output based on measuring the minute volume of oxygen consumption and the arteriovenous oxygen difference. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Original description of plexiform neurofibroma.

First demonstration of the atrophy of the anterior horns of the spinal cord in infantile paralysis, confirming earlier suggestions of von Heine and Duchenne.

Reprinted in 1874 by Lippincott as a separate pamphlet, and in Keen’s Addresses and other papers, Philadelphia, 1905.

A surgical history of the Seven Weeks War between Germany and Austria. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

In 1870, for the first time on the battlefield, French and German army surgeons applied antiseptic methods in the management of wounds. Lister published the above short paper describing the simplest method he could devise to use carbolic as an antiseptic.

Written by Woodward, Smart, Otis, and Huntington under the direction of Joseph K. Barnes, Surgeon General of the Army. This massive, graphically illustrated set has been called the “first comprehensive American medical book”. It is one of the most remarkable works ever published on military medicine. An index of operators and reporters appears at the end of the third surgical volume. This index makes it possible to look up any surgeon, and find the patients he treated. 

Woodward published an account of diarrhoea and dysentery in Pt.2, Vol. 1 (1879) pp. 1-869. Garrison considered this the greatest single monograph on dysentery. Woodward saw the Lösch amoeba, but without recognizing its significance.

Appendix to Part I, Containing Reports of Medical Directors, and Other Documents includes on pp. 92-104, LXXXII. Extracts from a Report of the Operations of the Medical Department of the Army of the Potomac from July 4th to December 31st, 1862. By JONATHAN LETTERMAN, Surgeon, U. S. Army, Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac. (Digital text of Letterman's report is available from U.S. Army Medical Department Office of Medical History at this link.

Goltz demonstrated the relation of vertigo and vestibular disturbance, showing that the former is a result of disease or irritation of the semicircular canals.

“Langhans’s layer”—the cytotrophoblast, the individual cells of which are termed “Langhans’s cells”.

Waldeyer discovered the germinal epithelium.

These workers showed that electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex in various experimental animals caused movements of the extremities of the opposite side of the body, thus proving the existence of a motor area in the cerebral cortex, predicted earlier in the same year by Hughlings Jackson. Translation in J. Neurosurg., 1963, 20, 905-16. Reprinted, with translation, in R. H. Wilkins, Neurosurgical Classics, New York, 1965

Modern study of the functions of the thalamus began with the important investigations of Gudden. He is remembered eponymically by “Gudden’s commissure” and “Gudden’s atrophy” – specific thalamic nuclei degenerate when certain areas of the cerebral cortex are destroyed. His collected works were published in 1889. He was drowned in a lake at Starnberg by his patient Ludwig II, the mad king of Bavaria.

Donders’s most important work was performed in the field of ophthalmology, but he wrote a classic treatise on the physiology of speech. Also published in Onderzoekingen gedaan in het Physiologisch Laboratoriumder Utrechtsche Hoogeschool, 1870, 3, 354-73.

First demonstration of retinal action currents.

This work saved the French silk industry, which had been crippled by the disease pébrine. After three years of research on the problem, Pasteur was able to show that the disease known as pébrine was caused by a parasite, and that the disease known as flacherie, which authorities had thought to be a manifestation of pébrine, was in reality a bacterial disease with its own character and etiology. He developed a screening method, still used today, that employs systematic microscopic examination to separate infected silkworm eggs from healthy ones.

In his classification of various populations, Quetelet adopted the plan of determining the standard or typical “mean man” as a basis, using stature, weight, or complexion, etc., as a measure in each particular race or population.

Allbutt introduced the modern clinical thermometer.

Neumann was the first to note changes in the bone marrow in leukemia, and he proposed the term “myelogenous leukemia”.

“Valsuani’s disease” – progressive anemia in pregnant and lactating women, probably first described by H. N. Bennett (No. 3117).

 Rhinoscleroma is considered a tropical disease, mostly endemic to Africa and Central America, and less common in the United States.

Reprints, with important revisions and additions, nine important papers concerning natural selection, which had previously appeared in journals, and publishes for the first time a major paper on The limits of natural selection as applied to man. Unlike Darwin, Wallace believed that at some point during man’s history man had partially escaped natural selection, and that a “higher intelligence” had a part in the development of the human race.

First description of “Da Costa’s syndrome” – the “effort syndrome” of Sir Thomas Lewis.

One of the first accounts of bacterial endocarditis was given by Wilks, who, in his classic paper on the subject, called the condition “arterial pyaemia.” Reprinted in Willius & Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, pp. 579-84.

Lucae was the first to study the transmission of sounds through the cranial bones for the purpose of diagnosing diseases of the ear.

First description of dermatitis exfoliativa neonatorum (“Rittershain’s disease”).

Although Hippocrates mentioned this condition, Erasmus Wilson first named it and described it as we know it today. It has been called “Wilson’s disease”; an eponym discarded since its use to describe the progressive lenticular degeneration of Kinnier Wilson.

First gastrostomy for obstruction of the esophagus performed in America.

“Wegner’s disease” – osteochondritic separation of the epiphyses in congenital syphilis.

Kocher was Professor of Surgery at Berne, and among the greatest surgeons of his day. He is remembered, among other things, for his method of reduction of subluxation of the shoulder-joint.

First book devoted to the treatment of fractures by internal fixation.

A classic description of glomerulonephritis (“Klebs’s disease”) is on pp. 644-48.

First successful planned nephrectomy for urinary tract fistula. A more detailed, illustrated account of the case appears in No. 4214.

Parry called attention to infection from articles of clothing worn by victims of the epidemic of relapsing fever in Philadelphia in 1869.

Reverdin’s work on the transplantation of free skin, as contrasted with the previous method of pedunculated flaps, attracted much attention. English translation in No. 5768.2.

Botriomycosis first described.

First description of serpiginous ulcer of the cornea and its treatment. Called also “Saemisch’s ulcer”.

First vaginal ovariotomy.

Thomas revived and modified Ritgen’s operation.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Kala azar is mentioned briefly in the Proceedings in 1869 (No. 34, p. 19) but the above is the first full description, given by Briscoe in a report dated 1 Dec 1869.

His was, more than any other person, responsible for the introduction of the microtome, although Ranvier and other French people had earlier employed microtomes of simpler types.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Describes military posts in all regions of the U.S., including the Western territories, with details of their hospitals, barracks, etc. In a 1928 talk at Mayo Clinic historian Fielding Garrison wrote about this work, "From 1869 to 1874 he [Billings] was borrowed from the Army by the Secretary of the Treasury to study the different stations of the Marine Hospital Service....In pursuance of this end, he was in every important city or locality in the whole length and breadth of the United States....While on this detail he rendered to the Surgeon General two important and massive reports on the barracks, hospitals and hygienic condition of the army (1870-1875)" (Fielding Garrison, Billings: A Maker of American Medicine. Lectures on the History of Medicine. A Series of Lectures at the Mayo Foundation. (Philadelphia ,1933) 187-200. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Callaway, a surgeon turned missionary and bishop of the Diocese of Natal, may have been the first to publish actual transcriptions of Zulu divination, including indigenous medical beliefs and practices, in their original language, with translation and notes. Part IV (pp. 416-448) specificially concerns "Medical magic and witchcraft." There are also numerous other references to medicine throughout the text. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. Though its formal title page is dated 1870, and indicates that it was published in several cities in South Africa in 1870, the copy available from the Internet Archive indicates that the printed sheets were distributed by The Folk-Lore Society in 1884. 

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The author, who died of testicular cancer at the age of 39 two years before this posthumous publication, is one of the forgotten pioneers of plastic surgery. Many of the techniques described by later authors without citing sources are dealt with here for the first time. Dermatoplastic operations are described on over 300 pages of text with many meticulous, artistically high-quality images. The types of surgery for skin defects and substance loss are explained in great detail by very clear illustrations. Operations on cheek, eyelid and lip, nose, and ear are described in detail. The final part is the plastic surgery on the trunk, extremities and urogenital system. 

The preface to the work by Dr. Uhde explains the history of its publication. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

An account of the author's experiences as a nurse working in Washington, D.C. hospitals during the U.S. Civil War. Wheelock became known as the "Florence Nightingale of Michigan." Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Huxley was among those who refuted Owen’s theory of the vertebral skull.

First investigation of the effect of poisons on the frog’s heart. In some cases Schmiedeberg found that stimulation of the vagus after administration of poisons produced acceleration of the heart rate.

The first American treatise on neurology. The original description of athetosis, sometimes called “Hammond’s disease”, appears on pp. 654-62. During his tenure as Surgeon General of the Army during the U.S. Civil War, Hammond established the U.S. Army Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System.

Flint made investigations on the nitrogen output of a long-distance walker, before, during, and after the latter’s attempt to walk 400 miles in five days. The useful data in this paper are often referred to in discussions on the subject. Edition in book form, New York, D. Appleton, 1871.

Discovery of urobilin in the intestines.

In 1869 Miescher discovered a substance which he termed nuclein (nucleoprotein), later shown to be the hereditary genetic material. He demonstrated it in pus cells. The discovery he first published in 1871. He was also first to suggest the existence of the genetic code (see Nature (Lond.), 1967, 215, 556).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

On the best way of setting up military hospitals to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. For English translation see No. 1617 (note).

Beard and Rockwell were the leading American electrotherapists of the 19th century. This is the most influential American treatise ever published on electrotherapy. It is of especial value today for its comprehensive and carefully documented historical analysis. In a nontherapeutic application of medical electricity Rockwell invented the electric chair.

Hirt was the leading German writer on occupational medicine in the second half of the 19th century. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Pollock used Reverdin’s skin-grafting technique in the treatment of burn contractures.

Weigert was the first to stain bacteria. He introduced many of the best staining methods in use today. Weigert discovered bacteria in hemorrhagic smallpox. In the same paper is described how carmine will color cocci.

Most often remembered for his contributions to neurology, Broca was also among the greatest of the French anthropologists. He originated modern craniometry and in that connection devised many craniometric and cranioscopic instruments. See also No. 344 et al.  

The papers in vol. 1 concern anthropology in general; the bulk of vol. 2 concerns prehistoric man; vol. 3 concerns primates and evolutionary theory; vol. 4, edited by Broca's son August and published in 1883, concerns craniology; vol. 5, edited by S. Pozzi, concerns the brain. Digital facsimiles of all 5 vols. are available from BnFGallica.

This is really two works. The first demolished the theory that the universe was created for humans while in the second Darwin presented a mass of evidence in support of his earlier hypothesis regarding sexual selection. With respect to human origins, Darwin predicted that the ancestors of humanity would eventually be found in Africa, based on the extensive primate populations there. However, during the 19th and early 20th centuries paleoanthropologists focused their researches in Europe and Asia rather than Africa. This focus only very gradually changed after Raymond Dart discovered Australopithecus africanus in 1924.

The standard work on primitive religion for many years. Tylor approached his subject from the point of view of psychology, exploring the nature of belief in spirits, omens, magic, etc. His work has important ties with the analytical psychology of Jung. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Klebs, Professor of Pathology at Berne, Würzburg, Prague, Zurich, and Chicago, preceded Koch in investigations of the pathology of traumatic infection. He found bacteria in gunshot wounds, granulation tissue, etc., and developed his theory of a single organism, Microsporon septicum, as the cause of all pathological changes.

First description of agoraphobia

Digital facsimile of Vol. 2, pt. 1 from the Internet Archive at this link, of Vol. 3 at this link.

An important account of pernicious anemia of pregnancy.

An analysis of 100 of Mackenzie’s own cases.

Marcy was the first to stress the importance of reconstruction of the internal ring following reduction of the sac.

Vanlair and Masius were the first to suggest the concept of hereditary hemolytic anemia. Their paper was republished in book form, Brussels, 1871.

“Da Costa’s syndrome.” This was first described by Myers (No. 2768) and is now known as “effort syndrome,” “soldier’s heart,” “disordered action of the heart.” More recently it has been considered an early recognition of one aspect of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Important and exhaustive account of the knowledge of presystolic murmurs. Fagge’s paper also includes many clinical observations relating to the rhythm of heart murmurs and the state of the sounds of the heart in 67 cases at Guy’s Hospital.

In this paper Fagge, nephew of John Hilton of Guy’s Hospital, described sporadic cretinism as distinct from the endemic variety.

Erasmus Wilson gave the original descriptions of several cutaneous diseases, and made a fine collection of dermatological preparations. He classified skin diseases on an anatomical basis. The above book consists of his lectures at the Royal College of Surgeons, at which institution he founded a chair of dermatology.

Quincke observed aneurysm of the hepatic artery in 1870.

In a letter prefaced to Faneau de La Cour’s thesis, Paul Joseph Lorain (1827-1875) described the idiopathic arrest of growth now known as “Lorain’s type”. It was subsequently ascribed to hypopituitarism. The word “infantilism” first appeared in this work. Digital facsimile from BiuSante.ParisDescartes.fr at this link.

Pancoast devised the operative procedure of sectioning the second and third branches of the fifth pair of nerves as they emerge from the base of the brain. Reported by F. Woodbury.

The first work on manipulation written by a physician. Digital facsimile from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.

Simon was Professor of Surgery at Rostock and Heidelberg. The work was projected as 3 vols., but Simon died before it was completed.

Lawson, surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, London, was the first successfully to transplant sizeable areas of skin, as compared with the small grafts of Reverdin, and of whole thickness skin as well. Reprinted in No. 5768.2.

Independently of Demarquay (No. 5344.3) and Wucherer (No. 5344.6), Lewis found microfilariae in the urine and blood in chyluria. He was first to use the term Filaria sanguinis hominis for the parasite.

Endotracheal anesthesia by means of a tracheostomy.

First description of hereditary optic atrophy, “Leber’s optic atrophy”.

“Litzmann’s obliquity” or posterior parietal presentation.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Published in fascicules beginning in 1870. Includes 22 original mounted albumen photographs by Montméja illustrating chapters on cataract, iridectomy, strabismus, eyelids, and lacrymal passages. There are also 190 wood engravings by Badoureau after drawings by Léveillé. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link. 

Study of caisson disease and its treatement resulting from experience in treating workmen constructing the Eads Bridge, which opened in 1874. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The leading 19th century American publication of artistic medical photography. Each of the two volumes includes 24 mounted photographs. The photographs ilustrate cases of unusual and extreme disease, such as gross deformities from cancer, birth defects or syphilis. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

One of the earliest works on the wider appications of the ophthalmoscope. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Cunningham, a physician, was naturalist aboard the Nassau, a steamer sent to survey the Strait of Magellan and the adjacent channels. This book contains a narrative of the voyage and natural history descriptions. Cunningham’s own interest was in the ornithology of the region, but he also discussed the botany of the area, mentioning his collections of plants in the Royal Herbarium, Kew, and promising articles on the reptiles, amphibia, fishes, mollusca, and crustacea in Linnean Transactions. He acknowledged the help of Hooker, Huxley, Newton, Flower, Sclater, Salvin, Gray, Gunther, and Baird.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

This very large format publication was issued in four parts from 1871 to 1880. It included 168 large plates in the style of Alibert, and was the first major illustrated work on dermatology published in Spain.

Digital facsimile from bdh.bne.es at this link.

A “guide in the treatment of cases of emergency occurring in medical, surgical, or obstetrical practice” (p. 3), covering such topics as hemorrhage, burns, loss of consciousness, asphyxia, sunstroke, poisoning and complications of labor.  Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

An enigmatically titled book of essays on women's rights by the American surgeon, abolitionist, prohibitionist, and prisoner of war, who remains the only woman to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor. Medical content in this collection primarily concerns the impact of the restrictive clothing of the time of women's health--a topic that Walker crusaded against by wearing clothing of her own design, or mens' clothing. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Bowditch was the first to research the relationship between the strength of the heart beat and the interval between beats. He established the “all-or-nothing” principle of heart muscle contraction. He founded, at Harvard, the first physiological laboratory in the United States.

Translated into English by J. Schaefer, W. Deppert, M. I. M Noble, et al as "On the peculiarities of excitability which the fibres of cardiac muscle show," in M.I.M Nobel & W. A. Seed, eds., The Interval-force relationship of the heart: Bowditch revisited, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 3-43.

French edition, 1880. Digital facsimile of the German edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link; of the French edition from Google Books at this link.

Mitchell suggested the name “erythromelalgia” for this condition, which is also known as “Weir Mitchell’s disease”. He records four earlier writers on the subject, the first being Graves in 1848. See also his paper in Amer. J. med. Sci., 1878, 76, 17-36.

An excellent idea of Charcot’s work is gained by perusal of his Leçons, dealing with his teaching on nervous disorders. In the second volume, pp. 1-72, is a classic account of the anomalies of tabes dorsalis. Charcot became one of the greatest of all neurologists. English translation, 1877-89.

Study of the effect of poisons on the nerves of the submaxillary gland.

The classic description by Huntington of the chronic degenerative hereditary type of chorea led to the eponym “Huntington’s chorea”. Earlier accounts of the disease were given by John Elliotson (Lancet, 1832, 1, 163), Waters (see No. 4691), and I. W. Lyon (Amer. med. Times, 1863, 7, 289-90). For historical note see D. L. Stevens, J. roy. Coll. Phycns., 1972, 6, 271-82. For bibliography see No. 5019.12.

Fine illustrations of frozen sections. Translated into English by Edward Bellamy as An atlas of topographical anatomy after plane sections of frozen bodies. (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1877).

Klebs filtered the discharges from gunshot wounds, found the filtrate to be non-infectious, and from that reasoned that traumatic septicemia is of bacterial origin. He was the first to filter bacteria and to experiment with the filtrate.

Important observations on gastric tetany were made by Kussmaul. He called attention to the convulsions sometimes accompanying dilatation of the stomach. He first mentioned “gastric tetany” in 1869 in his paper on gastric lavage (No. 3463).

Belgrand designed the Paris sewers.

Considered the first systematic work on venomous snakes. Describes all the venomous snakes of India. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Hering’s theory of color sense. First edition in book form (Vienna, 1878). Hering expanded this work in Grundzüge der Lehre vom Lichtsinn (1905-11; 1920) English translation of that expanded work by Leo M. Hurvich and Dorothea Jameson as Outlines of a theory of the light sense (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964).

A study of the pathology of sunstroke. Wood held the chairs of botany, therapeutics, and neurology at the University of Pennsylvania.

An elaboration of his lectures on the subject at the Collège de France.

Buhl stated that disseminated miliary tuberculosis is always associated with the presence of a caseous focus in some part of the body, which is the centre from which infection starts (Buhl-Dittrich law). English translation, New York, 1874.

Cohn’s morphological classification of bacteria. He founded the Beiträge.

In his account of progressive pernicious anemia, Biermer was first to describe the retinal haemorrhages. He was at one time accredited with the first description of pernicious anemia ; later it was shown that Addison had described the condition in his classic work on the suprarenals (No. 3118) and that Combe (No. 3112) had reported a case of pernicious anemia as far back as 1822. On the European Continent the condition is referred to as “Biermer’s disease”. Preliminary communication in Versammlung deutscherNaturforscher undAertze, 1868, Tageblatt No. 8, IX Sect., p. 173.

See No. 3270. Continuing his study of laryngeal paralysis. Gerhardt proposed the term “cadaveric position” to indicate the position of the vocal cord in total paralysis of the larynx.

First American textbook on oto-rhino-laryngology.

Langhans noted the presence of giant cells in the lesions of Hodgkin’s disease.

Pericarditis epistenocardiaca described.

“Bamberger’s disease” (Pick’s disease, No. 2803).

Heiberg suggested the microbic nature of endocarditis. He described what appeared to him to be the mycelia of Leptothrix in the vegetations of a case of ulcerative endocarditis.

First clear description of pulsus bigeminus. Translated in Willius & Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, pp. 590-99.

Cohnheim developed the doctrine of infarction as a result of occlusion of terminal arteries. He explained the haemorrhagic nature of certain infarcts on the basis of a reflux flow and diapedesis through the altered capillaries of the infarcted area.

Hebra was the first to describe impetigo herpetiformis, more fully dealt with by Kaposi, his son-in-law.

First description of “Kaposi’s sarcoma” – multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma. English translation in CA, 1982, 32, 342-47.

First resection of the esophagus.

“Frozen shoulder” syndrome described.

First clear description of arteriosclerotic atrophy of the kidney (“Gull–Sutton disease”), and probably the first description of hypertensive nephrosclerosis.

Darwin examined the causes, physiological and psychological, of all the fundamental emotions in man and animals. He concluded that “the chief expressive actions exhibited by man and by the lower animals are now innate or inherited”, and that most of the movements of expression must have been gradually acquired. This is the only book by Darwin illustrated with photographs. It reproduces a number of photographs from Duchenne (No. 4973), and other photographs by Oscar Gustav Reijlander. Reprinted, New York, 1955. See P. Ekman (ed.): Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review. New York, 1973.

Charcot’s pioneering research on the application of hypnosis to the psychoneuroses brought this subject to the attention of the scientific community.

First description of intermediate thickness skin grafts. Ollier used large grafts and carried out complete excision of scar tissue and its replacement with skin.

Labbe and Guyon developed pre-anesthetic medication.

Battey’s ovariotomy operation for the treatment of non-ovarian conditions. This operation later acquired a greater significance in connection with more modern work on endocrinology. Preliminary communication in J. gynaec. Soc. Boston, 1872, 7, 331-35.

Vaginal cystotomy for chronic cystitis.

Noeggerath was the first to point out the late effects of gonorrhoea in women, particularly its role in the production of sterility.

First report of cases of Mittelschmerz.

Supplement to No. 424.

“Braxton Hicks’s sign”.

From the time of her admission to medical school Jex-Blake became virtually the leader of the movement in Great Britain to open the medical profession to women. Greatly expanded second edition, Edinburgh, 1886.

Reprinted with biographical sketch by J. L. Thornton, London, 1967.

Early description, page 357, of partial brachial plexus paralysis, upper type (“Duchenne-Erb palsy”: see No. 4548). An English translation of the 3rd ed., by H. Tibbitts, actually appeared London in 1871, one year before the French edition, and a Philadelphia publisher also issued the English sheets with a cancel title page in 1871. The translator stated that he prepared the translation from sheets of the 3rd edition, the publication of which was delayed by the German occupation of Paris.

Jackson here described the syndrome consisting of paralysis of half the tongue, the same half of the palate, and of one vocal cord – “Jackson’s syndrome”.

Mortillet rejected the fauna-based cultural subdivisions of the Pleistocene (cave bear, mammoth, reindeer) that had been introduced by Edouard Lartet in favor of a system based on tools and artifacts (“données industrielles”). During the 1860s Mortillet “extended the geological system of period and epochs into the recent past, characterizing each by a series of archaeological ‘type-fossils’ and naming them after a ‘type-site.’ . . . By 1869 his scheme for European prehistory was fairly well elaborated and included: the Thenasian (for the now obsolete Eolithic), Chellean, Mousterian, Solutrean, Aurignacian, Magdalenian, and Robenhausian. Many of these remain in use as cultural-historical labels for bodies of material, but whereas de Mortillet saw each as a block of time they are now seen as geographically as well as chronologically defined entities” (Darvill, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology [2003], 271).

The first book on human origins or human evolution published in Spanish. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

In this work on the industrial causes of pollution Smith coined the term acid rain. 

"The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles.^[2] Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased.^[3][4] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.^[5]

"Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon.^[6] The term "acid rain" was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith.^{[7]"  (Wikipedia).} 

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First published in 1851, this documents literature from ancient times to publication date. Research involved examination of 40,000 works in libraries at Vienna, Geneva, London, Paris and various German locations. Digital facsimile of the 1872 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Includes four "Photo-relief" (Woodburytype) plates. Possibly the only book on this subject. One may assume that the special earth contained some anti-bacterial mold such as penicillin. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

In 1824 Dunglison was recuited to join the Medical Faculty of the new University of Virginia. There he became Thomas Jefferson's personal physician for two years until Jefferson's death.

Dunglison was hired to teach medical history as well as anatomy, physiology, surgery and materia medica. Delivered annually between 1824 and 1833, Dunglison's lectures on medical history represented the earliest course on the history of medicine known to have been given in the United States. They were first published by Dunglison's son in 1872.  Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Coues continued to revise and expand this work, putting it through four editions during his lifetime. Digital facsimile of the 1872 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link. The Hathi Trust also makes available digital copies of the later editions, through the posthumous sixth edition (1927).

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The Abbe-Estlander operation, transferring a full-thickness flap from one lip of the oral cavity to fill a defect in the other lip.

Through many editions and translations of his three main works of sexuality (cited in this database) Mantagazza may have been the most widely read author on sexuality in the 19th century. He was also a widely published author on various other topics.

See V. Sigusch, "The birth of sexual medicine: Paolo Mantegazza as pioneer of sexual medicine in the 19th century," J. Sex. Med., 5, 217-222.

Digital facsimile of the 1875 second edition from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Wyman conducted experiments that convinced him that ragweed was a cause of hay fever. He then collected data from correspondents and published the first pollen maps of the U.S. so that sufferers could plan vacations in low pollen areas. The pollen maps cover the United States, New England States, and White Mountains and vicinity. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Though not credited on the title page, Thomas Bell was superintendent of the plates and the intended author of this work. James de Carle Sowerby created the original paintings. Edward Lear drew the plates on stone.

Forty of the plates first appeared in Thomas Bell's A monograph of the testudinata, London: Samuel Highley, [1832-1836]. Only the first eight parts of that work were issued due to the publisher's bankruptcy, causing the introduction to end in mid-sentence. Henry Sotheran eventualy bought the unsold parts and remaining plates, and in 1872 reissued them with 20 additional, previously unpublished plates by Sowerby and Lear. Because Bell did not wish to write a text for the additional plates, John Edward Gray provided the additional text for the 1872 edition.

Digital facsimile of the incomplete first edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1872 edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Includes the first printing of the memoirs of "Alexina B" a French intersex person whose actual name was Herculine Barbin. Digital facsimile of the revised second edition (1874) from Google Books at this link. Translated into English with an introduction and supporting documents by Michel Foucault as Herculine Barbin: Being the recently discovered memoirs of a nineteenth-century French hermaphrodite, New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. Foucault's introduction appears only in the English language edition.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Liveing’s classic account of migraine showed the close association of this condition with tetany, asthma, and false angina pectoris, with epilepsy, and the alternation of all these conditions in the same subject or the transference permanently from one to another. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Haughton stated that the muscular mechanism is so arranged that its work is carried out with the minimum of muscular contraction. This he called the “principle of least action”. His opposition to Darwinism is especially noticed in this book.

In his thesis Malassez provided the initial description of the hemocytometer, which he invented, but which was named by Gowers, who modified it in 1877.  The trade issue of the thesis was published in Paris by Adrien Delahaye. See also Malassez's "Nouvelle méthode de numération des globules rouges et des globules blancs du sang", Arch. Physiol. norm. path., 2 sér., 1, (1874) 32-52. Digital facsimile of the 1873 trade edition from BnF Gallica at this link.

Portable transfusion apparatus.

Contains 70 photographs of brain sections taken by Luys himself, with 64 lithographed schemas based on his drawings. Luys undertook this work when the evidence of his lithographs published in 1865 (No. 4012) was disputed. It is the first large-scale photographic atlas of the anatomy of the brain.

The modern methods of interpreting vital statistics of large cities were devised by von Körösi.

Leber discovered how the ciliary body excretes intraocular fluid.

Cohnheim was the master experimental pathologist of the 19th century. He was a pupil of Virchow and Kölliker; in contradiction of the former, he showed the essential feature of inflammation to be the passage of leucocytes through the capillary walls and their accumulation at the site of the injury – “ohne Gefässe keine Entzündung”. His first article on the subject will be found in Virchows Arch. path. Anat., 1867, 40, 1-79.

Confirmation of Villemin. Grancher in 1903 instituted the “Grancher system” – the boarding out of children from tuberculous households in France. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Klebs was the first to produce experimental bovine tuberculosis (by feeding cattle with infected milk). His work confirmed the earlier researches of Villemin.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Isolation of Bacterium lactis, the specific micro-organism responsible for the lactic acid fermentation of milk.

Spencer founded and edited this series. 

“Erb’s sign”.

Senator was a director of the Charité Hospital in Berlin and later at the university polyclinic. His study of fever represents his best work.

Mycosis pharyngitis first reported.

Blackley showed that pollen can produce hay fever in both the asthmatic and catarrhal forms; he also showed that skin reactions were evoked in sensitive persons. 

Kussmaul introduced the concept of the “paradoxical pulse.”

These workers helped to revive the mastoid operation (which had fallen into disuse), placing it on a modern basis. They described the method of opening the ear by chiselling, “Schwartze’s operation”.

Gull was among the first to point out the cause of myxedema, of which the above paper gives a classic description. Gull was associated with Guy’s Hospital, London, for most of his life.

First description of erythema serpens, usually called “erysipeloid of Rosenbach”, following the latter’s paper in Arch. klin. Chir., 1887, 36, 346.

Original description of dysidrosis (pompholyx).

Johnson showed that fatty infiltrations of the renal tubules are reflected by the presence of fatty casts and droplets in the urine, thus introducing the concept of lipoid nephrosis associated with nephrotic syndrome.

Wundt made experimental investigations of normal individual reactions, reflex responses, and general behavior, and interpreted them in terms of neural mechanisms. He was the founder of experimental psychology, and his book remains the most important on the subject.

Discovery (in 1868) of Borrelia recurrentis, causative agent in relapsing fever.

Budd insisted that typhoid fever was spread by contagion and established the fact that infection with typhoid came from the dejecta of the patients; he strengthened the theory of water-born infection. See also his earlier papers in Lancet, 1856, 2, 617, 694; 1859, 2, (several papers); 1860, 1, (several papers).

Berlin, professor of ophthalmology at Rostock, described the traumatic edema of the retina which is sometimes referred to as “Berlin’s edema”.

Introduction of the shadow test (retinoscopy), sometimes called “Cuignet’s method”.

Moon became totally blind at the age of 22. He taught other blind people and devised a simplified form of roman letters, embossed on paper, for use by blind readers. This was in 1845, and two years later he published his first book in Moon type. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Text in German and English; Sir W. R. Gowers was responsible for the English translation. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

Esmarch bandage for surgical hemostasis. English translation New Sydenham Society, 1876.

Clover’s gas-ether inhaler.

“Erb’s palsy”, first described by Smellie in 1763 and later by Duchenne (No. 4543).

Divided into six parts, as follows:

Book I: Delle alterazioni di prima formazione (on teratology)

Book II: Delle ipertrofie

Book III: Delle atrofie

Book IV: Dell’infiammazione e della mortificazione

Book V: Dei tumori da tessuto morboso

Book VI: Dell degenerazione

The work appeared in fascicules between 1873 and 1892, with Book VI issued first and the remaining books following in numerical order. The illustrations were printed by lithography and chromolithography.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Hyrtl significantly enhanced the techniques of corrosion anatomy, a technique of preparing anatomical specimens invented by Frederik Ruysch. He built up a collection unsurpassed in Europe. In this work Hyrtl described a method that he invented in which he injected the blood supplies of the different organs, the adjacent parts being eaten away by acids, in order to show the finest ramifications. The technique of wax impregnation and later corrosion was also known to the Hunters. Digital facsimile from the Heidelberg University at this link

Using a variety of experimental animals, Ferrier demonstrated that various neurologic functions were controlled by separate parts of the cerebrum and that damage or loss of that part created an irrevocable and particular deficit. He showed that these areas were much more discrete as one ascended the phylogenetic scale and that, accordingly, effects of brain damage in rabbits, dogs and cats etc. could not be compared to those in monkeys, apes and human beings. Clarke & O’Malley, The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, pp. 513-14. This paper became the basis of Ferrier's book, The Functions of the Brain (1876).

Classic study of caisson disease. Smith was "Late Surgeon to the New York Bridge Co. (Caisson Work)", treating workmen who built the Brooklyn Bridge. The Eads Bridge (St. Louis) and the Brooklyn Bridge (New York City) were testing grounds for caisson construction. These caissons were enormous compressed air boxes used to build riverine piers and abutments anchoring the bridges. Caisson meant faster and cheaper construction, but there was a hidden cost- caisson disease (decompression sickness). Within caissons, workers labored at pressures as high as 55 psig. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. See also Smith's The physiological, pathological and therapeutical effects of compressed air. (Detroit: George S. Davis, 1886). Digital facsimile of the 1886 work from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first formal published catalogue of the ancestor of the US National Library of Medicine, prepared under the supervision of John Shaw Billings. Vols. 1-2 represented an author catalogue A-Z. Vol. 3: Supplement: Anonymous, transactions, reports, periodicals.

In his preface Billings wrote that the library contained "about 25,000 volumes, and 15,000 single pamphlets, and the present catalogue gives about 50,000 titles exclusive of cross-references...." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

In March 1872 Rivière discovered an entire fossil human skeleton in a cave at Menton, in the south of France near the Italian border. The skeleton, later known as “Menton man,” closely resembles the Cro-Magnon remains, later classified as European Early Modern Humans, from the Dordogne region. Rivière had the skeleton photographed in situ by Anfossi and Radiguet; two of their superb original photographs serve as plates to the present work. These appear to be the earliest published photographs of fossil humans. 

The Menton skeleton was displayed at the Natural History Museum in Paris in 1872; it was the first fossil human to be presented to the public in a museum in France or possibly anywhere.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The letter published in this 12-page pamphlet was dated March 10th, 1873. It outlined financier and philanthropist Johns Hopkins' planned bequest and general plans for the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Hopkins died in December 1873. The Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened in 1889. This and the Johns Hopkins school of medicine are considered the founding institutions of modern American medicine, and the birthplace of numerous medical traditions including rounds, residents and house staff.

Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

The first biographical encyclopedia of American homeopathic physicians and surgeons. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"The first occasion on which a surgeon deliberately operated on an injured heart was in October 1872. This followed a brawl in a public house in East London, after which a 31-year-old man could not find a needle he usually kept in the left side of his coat. The next day he attended St. Bartholomew's Hospital, but the need was not found. Nine days later, pain and discomfort persisted, and on return to St. Bartholomew's he was admitted. The surgeon, George Callender, explored the area of discomfort and made an incision between the ribs. He eventually located the needle, which was embedded in the myocardium close to the apex. The needle was removed and the patient made an uneventful recovery" (Westaby and Bosher, Landmarks in cardiac surgery, 14).

The first book on heart disease written by an Australian physician and published in Australia.

"Using an isolated frog heart preparation with ligatures around the atria, Luigi Luciani, an Italian physiologist working in 1873 in Carl Ludwig’s famous laboratory in Leipzig, was the first to demonstrate cardiac group beating, which he named periodic rhythm. He attributed this to increased resistance to impulse propagation between the atria and the ventricle. Karel F. Wenckebach, in his 1899 landmark report of group beating in a patient in which he also used pulse tracings, credited Luciani with this discovery. Wenckebach referred to the phenomena as “Luciani periods" (Upshaw & Silverman, "Luigi Luciani and the earliest graphic demonstration of Wenckebach periodicity," Circulation, 101 (2000) 2662–2668.

This work contains 36 plates by lithographed Joseph Smit from drawings by Joseph Wolf, and handcolored by J.D. White. Wolf was regarded as the greatest bird artist of his time. Among the birds of paradise there are some of the most colorful and spectacular birds, and these plates (with those of the male pheasants) proved that Wolf was equally talented at painting exotic, highly colourful birds ... and the published prints show the extraordinary coloration of the birds of paradise, including iridescent feathers’ (K. Schulze-Hagen & A. Geus, Joseph Wolf (1820-1899) animal painter, 212). In the preface of the book Elliot comments, "The drawings of Mr. Wolf will, I am sure, receive the admiration of those who see them; for, like all that artist's productions, they cannot be surpassed, if equalled, at the present time. Mr. J. Smit has lithographed the drawings with his usual conscientious fidelity, and his share of the work has left me nothing to desire... In the colouring of the plates Mr. J.D. White has faithfully followed the originals; and in the difficult portions where it was necessary to produce metallic hues, he has been very successful."

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

One of Leyden’s best works. He was Professor of Medicine at Berlin, Königsberg, and Strassburg. In vol. 2, p. 65, of the above is given an account of “Leyden’s paralysis”, a form of hemiplegia probably first described in 1856 by Gubler (see No. 4531).

Mitchell drew attention to the importance of eyestrain as a cause of headache.

First description.

Sensory aphasia (“Wernicke’s aphasia”). Wernicke did important work on the localization of aphasia; he included in his book accounts of alexia and agraphia. English translation in Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, edited by R. Cohen and W. Wartofsky, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1969, pp. 3497.

Isolation of trypsin.

One of the best early descriptions of the blood platelets was given by Osler. He noticed that white thrombi were almost entirely composed of them.

Notable for its illustrations.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Charcot differentiated between the ordinary (Aran–Duchenne) type of muscular atrophy and the rarer amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, (ALS), at one time called “Charcot’s disease,” but more frequently designated today as Lou Gehrig's disease.

In this work His compared the various layers and organs of the embryo to a series of elastic tubes and plates. He thought that the local inequalities of growth and the differences in the consistency of the tissues might account for the various organs and structures. This work led to the idea of “developmental mechanics”.

Heidenhain’s “secretion” theory of renal function.

Landois discovered the hemolyzing effect of blood serum of one species when transfused into another.

Haeckel’s gastraea theory, which considers the two-layered gastrula the ancestral form of multicellular animals.

Bartholow confirmed in man the findings of Fritsch and Hitzig (No. 1405) that electrical stimulus of the cortex on one side stimulated muscles on the other side of the body.

Discovery of the giant pyramidal cells of the motor cortex.

Hitzig accurately defined the limits of the motor area in the cerebral cortex of the dog and the monkey.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Important studies on the partial decussation of optic paths.

Hansen discovered the leprosy bacillus on 28 February 1873. He had been stimulated by the previous work of Danielssen and Boeck, and his own demonstration of the leprosy bacillus is one of the earliest observations of pathogenic bacteria. For an English translation of the paper see Brit. for. med. -chir. Rev., 1875, 55, 459-89.

Classic description of anorexia nervosa.

Wood was a professor of botany (1866-76), therapeutics (1875-1907) and nervous diseases (1875-1901) in the University of Pennsylvania. In his book the effects of various drugs in small doses was first discussed; it also contains a standard classification of drugs.

The first complete excision of the larynx for cancer, performed by Billroth on 31 December 1873 and reported by Gussenbauer. The patient left the hospital in good state on 3 March 1874. Also published in Arch. klin. Chir., 1874, 17, 343-56.

Classic description of chronic interstitial hepatitis.

Watson was a pioneer of thyroidectomy in the treatment of goitre, although Green (No. 3814) was the first to perform the operation. Also in Brit. med. J., 1875, 2, 386-88.

Mahomed proved that cases of “arteriocapillary fibrosis” were hypertensive, and showed that they may occur without renal involvement.

Charcot completed the description of the syndrome first described by Menière.

Hinton was one of the most eminent aural surgeons in England during the latter half of the 19th century, and the first Aural Surgeon to Guy’s Hospital. In 1868 he performed the first operation for mastoiditis in England. He proved that aural polypus originated within the tympanum and that cholesteatomata might prove fatal by eroding the bone.

Kussmaul explained diabetic coma as being due to acetonemia. He described the air-hunger (“Kussmaul’s respiration”) present in this condition. Partial English translation in No. 2241.

Bottini’s galvano-cautery for relief of prostatic obstruction.

See No. 4047.

In 1869 Kahlbaum suggested catatonia as a separate disease entity and in 1874 his classic monograph appeared. English translation, Baltimore, 1973. Digital facsimile of the 1874 edition from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Holmgren introduced the wool-skein test for the diagnosis of color-blindness.

First description of “Paget’s disease of the nipple” –eczema of the nipple with cancer. The paper is reprinted in Med. Classics, 1936, 1, 75-78. Paget was Sergeant Surgeon to Queen Victoria, and a great surgical pathologist. He was associated with St. Bartholomew’s Hospital during most of his life.

First successful human intravenous anesthesia. Oré, professor of physiology at Bordeaux, reported the successful use of this method in animals in Bull. Soc. Chir. Paris, 1872, 3 sér., 1, 400-12. See also his monograph on the subject, Paris, 1875.

In the course of his important studies on smallpox, Weigert carried out the first successful staining of bacteria (see No. 2482). His fine description of the destructive effects of the smallpox virus on the skin led to the coining of the term “coagulation necrosis” as a name for the process causing the development of the lesions.

Dictionary of French medical poets. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

An important description of blackwater fever. Berenger-Féraud had experience of the disease in French West Africa.

Cites books and articles. Author index.  Begun by Daremberg and completed by Pauly. 

In 1871 Hutchinson was the first successfully to operate on a case of intussusception in a two year-old infant. Preliminary account in Med. chir. Trans., 1876, 41 (2nd ser.), 99-102.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Thiersch’s first paper on transplantation of skin. Simultaneous publication in Arch. klin. Chir., 1874, 17, 318-24. English translation in No. 5768.2.

First description of “Tornwaldt’s bursitis”, an inflammatory condition of the pharyngeal tonsil, so named from the latter’s description of it in 1885 (see No. 3295).

With contributions by Richard Hughes of England; Constantine Hering of Philadelphia; Carroll Dunham of New York; Adolph Lippe of Philadelphia and others. This massive work is almost a complete record of all provings and poisonings recorded to date.

In this book Belt first described "the mutualistic relationship of certain Acacias and the ant we now know as Pseudomyrmex spinicola. These are a species of red myrmecophyte-inhabiting neotropical ants which are found only in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They live in the thorns of a tropical tree, Acacia collinsii, feeding on nectaries along with the protein and lipid-rich pods produced by the plant for the ants and now known as Belsian bodies (or Beltian bodies) in honor of Belt" (Wikipedia article on Thomas Belt, accessed 07-31-2016).

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

This oversized compendium of maps, graphs, statistical tables, and essays was the first comprehensive thematic atlas produced by any nation.  It was hailed both at home and abroad for its innovative use of graphic elements to distill and display complex data, including medical and population statistics and epidemiology. When he conceived and supervised production and publication of this work Walker was Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics and superintendent of the 1870 census. The 60 large maps, most of which were printed in color, were chromolithographed in New York by Julius Bien, who produced the plates for the first American full-size reissue of portions of Audubon's Birds of America (1858-60). Kinnahan, "Charting Progress: Francis Amasa Walker's Statistical Atlas of the United States and Narratives of Western Expansion," American Quarterly 60 (2008) 399-423. Digital facsimile from the Library of Congress at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Prunières separated postmortem trepanations and rondelles from antemortem operations, and also described tuberculous lesions in Neolithic bones.

Peugnet argued that over-medication, and not the pistol shot, caused Fisk's death. Peugnet, a surgeon who had served in the American Civil War, died at the early age of 43, having been struck by a locomotive while absent-mindedly standing on a railroad track. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

One of the pioneer histories of medicine in France. "He [Monteil] boasted of having been the first to write really 'national' history, and he wished further to show this in a memoir entitled L'Influence de l'histoire des divers etats, ou comment fill allée la France si elle est eu cette histoire. (1840; reprinted in 1841 under the title: Les Français pour la premiere fois dans l'histoire de France, ou poetique de l'histoire des divers etats).^[1]  Monteil did not invent the history of civilization, but he was one of the first in France, and perhaps in Europe, to point out its extreme importance. He revised the third edition of his history himself (5 vols, 1848); a fourth appeared after his death with a preface by Jules Janin (5 vols, 1853)" (Wikipedia). Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

To drive home the dangers of arsenic in wallpaper Kedzie took the step of publishing one of the most unusual books ever issued: Shadows from the Walls of Death: Facts and Inferences Prefacing a Book of Specimens of Arsenical Wall Papers, a large volume measuring about 22 x 30 inches containing a title page and an 8 page preface followed by 86 samples cut from rolls of arsenic impregnated wallpaper. These volumes Kedzig donated to libraries throughout the State of Michigan. On May 12, 2012 The Ann Arbor Chronicle reported that only two of the one hundred copies remain extant in Michigan, one at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the other at Michigan State University in East Lansing. Both copies remain toxic. The copy in Ann Arbor has all leaves encapsulated for safety, and can be handled only with gloves. 

Two other copies of Shadows, also toxic, are preserved at Harvard University Medical School, and the National Library of Medicine. Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnFGallica at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

In quest of a non-addictive alternative to morphine, Wright experimented with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride over a stove for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine, now called diamorphine (or diacetylmorphine), also known as heroin. After Wright's death, Heinrich Dreser, a chemist at Bayer Laboratories, continued to test heroin. Bayer marketed it as an analgesic^[3] and 'sedative for coughs' in 1898. When its addictive potential was recognized, Bayer ceased its production in 1913. (Wikipedia article Charles Romley Alder Wright).

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Miescher first isolated DNA and identified it as an acid through chemical analysis of salmon spermatozoa.  See Ralf Dahm, "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research," Human Genetics, 122 (2008) 565-581.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This work incorporated Coues' A check list of North American birds (1873). Coues had the check list portion of this work printed with the versos blank so that users could enter in their own information. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Billroth provided the first account of streptocci wound infection, calling the bacteria Coccobacteria septica. When Billroth introduced antisepic techniques in his surgical practice the number of surgical patients with these infections dramatically decreased. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"Livingstone’s most famous expedition was in 1866–73, when he traversed much of central Africa in an attempt to find the source of the Nile. This book contains the daily journals that Livingstone kept on this expedition, from his first entry on January 28, 1866, when he arrived at Zanzibar (in present-day Tanzania), to his last on April 27, 1873, four days before he died from malaria and dysentery in a village near Lake Bangweulu in present-day Zambia. In his more than seven-year journey, Livingstone was assisted by friendly African chiefs and at times by Arab slave traders, whose activities he abhorred. His journals contain detailed observations on the people, plants, animals, topography, and climate of central Africa, as well as on the slave trade. The journals also provide Livingstone’s account of his meeting with Henry Morton Stanley in the fall of 1871. Stanley had been sent by the New York Herald to find the explorer, but was unable to convince him to return to England. Livingstone’s last entry reads: “Knocked up quite, and remain—recover—sent to buy milch-goats. We are on the banks of the Molilamo.” After Livingstone’s death, his African servants Susi and Chuma saved the journals for transport to England, where they were edited and published by Livingstone’s friend Horace Waller" (wdl.org/en/item 2566/)
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.