A collection of Greek, Roman and Byzantine texts on medicine, written in Latin, that was mainly used as medical school textbook or reference manual between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Articella grew around a synthetic exposition of classical Greek medicine written in Baghdad by the Nestorian Christian Hunayn bin Ishaq (Johannitius), who frequently translated from Greek to Syriac to Arabic. His synthesis was based on Galen's Ars medica (Techne iatrike; Questions on medicine for students) and thus became known in Europe as Isagoge Ioannitii ad tegni Galieni. The collection includes works of Hippocrates, Galen,Theophilus Protospatharius, Johannitius, and the Byzantine physician Philaretus. As a medical library in one convenient volume, which underwent six editions in the 15th century and many other editions in the first half of the 16th century, the work reflects changing attitudes to various ancient texts and translations through the evolution of its contents.  ISTC no. ia01142500. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

Various writings of Galen survived through Arabic and Syriac translations rather than the original Greek. In the ninth century the Assyrian Christian physician and translator into Arabic and Syriac Hunain ibn Ishaq (Abu Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi), compiled a bibliography of his translations into Arabic. Hunain ibn Ishaq also wrote a letter to one of his patrons discussing his translation process. In February 2015 the Al-Islam.org website stated that Hunain, who was known as Johannitius Onan to Latin readers, "translated 95 works of Galen from Greek to Syriac and 99 into Arabic." This would represented a significant percentage of Galen's output. In 1925 G. Bergsträsser published the Arabic text of Hunain ibn Ishaq's bibliographical work from a manuscript he found in Constantinople. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The earliest extant systematic textbook of ophthalmology. The Arabs were the first to make a specialty of ophthalmology.

For a critical review of this edition see Grigory Kessel, "Review Essay of Wilson, E.J. and Dinkha, S., Hunayn Ibn Ishaq’s 'Questions on Medicine for Students'. Transcription and Translation of the Oldest Extant Syriac Version (Vat. Syr. 192). Studi e testi, 459. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2010," Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies, 15 (2010) 375-400.

First printed edition of Hunayn ibn Ishaq's Arabic translation of Galen's Critical Days (De diebus decretoriis), a founding text of astrological medicine, together with the first translation of the text into a modern language.

This analysis of the work of the leading medieval Arab translator of Greek texts into Arabic emphasizes that Hunayn ibn Ishāq, a Nestorian Christian, typically prepared an intermediary translation into Syriac, from which the texts were translated into Arabic.