The first American manual of conchology. The author, John Warren, was an Englishman who sold shells and other collectibles in Boston as well as to other collectors in the United States. His book organized shells according to both the Linnean and Lamarckian systems of classification. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

One of the first comprehensive works on the production of false teeth, providing 30 or 40 different formulae for their manufacture. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first textbook for dental assistants. 

The first book in English exclusively on pedodontics. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

First book form exposition of the Kennedy Classification for partially edentulous arches or partial removable dentures.

The Kennedy Classification system was originally introduced by Dr. Edward Kennedy in New York in 1923 or 1925. "The classification is divided into four partially edentulous arch designs:

"Class I - Bilateral distal edentulous area located posterior to the existing teeth
"Class II - Unilateral distal edentulous area located posterior to existing teeth
'Class III - Unilateral edentulous area with remaining teeth mesial and distal to the edentulous area.
"Class IV - Bilateral (i.e. crossing the midline) anterior edentulous area with remaining teeth distal to edentulous area."

The first book on dentistry published in Canada. Facsimile edition, Montreal, 1969.

A remarkably comprehensive history of dentistry for a small country.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This late 15th century edition of the surgery of Guy de Chauliac also contained the first printed editions of various lesser-known medieval surgeries such as those by Bruno da Longoburgo and Leonardo Bertapaglia. It also also contained Recepta aque balnei de Porrecta by Bonventura Castelli. ISTC No. ig00558000. 

Digital facsimile from Biblioteca de Andalucía at this link.

The author described himself as "Surgeon. Surgical and Mechanical Dentist."  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This history covers 19th century and earlier developments but emphasizes 20th century material including "History of dental lasers and their applications in orthodontics," "History of of Invisalign," etc.

In this follow-up to his book published in 1743 Bunon proved the assertions of his earlier Essai through a series of dental researches conducted on patients at the Salpêtrière and at the hospital of St. Côme--the first dental experiments ever conducted. In this work he discussed for the first time the genesis of enamel hypoplasia, which he found was caused by various childhood diseases. He also focused on the prevention of tooth decay, and provided the first dental pharmacopeia. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A narrative analysis of dental literature up to about 1850, with bibliographical listings of the earliest classics from various countries.  Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

The first significant French book on dentistry after Fauchard. Geraudly's "book...contributed to the diffusion of dental knowledge relative to dental prophylaxis and therapeutics, but apart from this brought no increment to the progress of practical dentistry. Some of the ideas of the author, however, merit consideration...” (Guerini, pp. 302–303). 

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This was a series of American editions, and first English translations, of then-standard or classic works, most of which remain classics in dental literature. The volumes were listed by Weinberger (1938) as follows:

Vol. 1: Hunter, John. The natural history of the human teeth, etc. With notes by Eleazar Parmly. 1839. -Hunter, John. A practical treatise on the diseases of the teeth. 1839. -Brown, Solyman. A poem on the diseases of the teeth and their proper remedies. With notes by Eleazar Parmly. 1840.

Vol. 2: Baumes, M. A treatise on first dentition and the frequently serious disorders which depend upon it. Translated from the French by Thomas E. Bond, Jr. 1841. -Koecker, Leonard. Principles of dental surgery. 1842.

Vol. 3: Nasmyth, Alexander. Researches on the development, structure, and diseases of the teeth. 1842. -Gariot, J. B. A treatise on the diseases of the mouth. Translated from the French by J. B. Savier. With notes by the editors of The American Journal of Dental Science. 1843. 

Vol. 4: Berdmore, Thomas. A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth, etc. 1844. -Jobson, David Wemyss. A treatise on the anatomy and physiology of the teeth, etc. 1844.

Vol. 5: Lefoulon, J. A new treatise on the theory and practice of dental surgery. Translated from the French by Thomas E. Bond, Jr. 1844.

Vol. 6: Blandin, Ph. Fr. Anatomy of the dental system, human and comparative. Translated from the French by Robert Arthur. 1845. -Delabarre, C. F. A treatise on second dentition, etc. Translated from the French by (anonymous, but supposed to be) Chapin A. Harris, 1845. -Waite, George. A critical inquiry into a few facts connected with the teeth. 1846.

Vols 7 and 8: Desirabode, M., assisted by his sons, etc. Complete elements of the science and art of the dentist. Translated from the Ffench by (anonymous, but supposed to have been) P. H. Austen, 1849. 

Vol. 9: Blake, Robert. An essay on the structure and formation of the teeth in man and various animals. Revised and corrected. With notes by C. O. Cone. 1848. -Duval, J. R The youth's dentist, etc. Translated from the French by J. Atkinson. 1848.

Vol. 10: Jourdain, M. A treatise on the diseases and surgical operations of the mouth and parts adjacent, etc. Translated from the French by (anonymous, but supposed to have been) P. H. Austen, 1849. -Bond, Thomas E. A practical treatise on dental medicine, etc. 1850. This does not appear in v. 10 as part of the library, but is usually credited as such.

Digital facsimiles of the volumes in this series are available from Google Books at this link.

Reproduction of a drawing by Soemmerring of the first stages of embryonic development visible with the naked eye, with a note by Burdach.
Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

The digital edition is available from nap.edu at this link.

"The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography is a collection of autobiographical chapters, edited by Tom Albright and Larry R. Squire, that details the lives and discoveries of eminent senior neuroscientists.

"During his term as president of the Society for Neuroscience in 1993-94, Dr. Squire initiated the collection of these autobiographies from leading neuroscientists so they could share their personal narratives.

"These delightful, often humorous and touching narratives allow each scientist to discuss their lives and the forces that shaped the path to their prominent careers and discoveries."

In June 2020 10 volumes had been published.
The complete series may be downloaded for free at this link.
https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-neuroscience/autobiographical-chapters

http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/

"Published since 1877, Biographical Memoirs provide the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased National Academy of Sciences members. Colleagues familiar with the subject's work write these memoirs and as such, the series provides a biographical history of science in America.

"The Online Collection includes more than 1,600 memoirs, including those of famed naturalist Louis Agassiz; Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution; Thomas Edison; Alexander Graham Bell; noted anthropologist Margaret Mead; and psychologist and philosopher John Dewey."

According to its preface, Yarrell's British Birds was first published "in thirty-seven parts of three sheets each, at intervals of two months; the first Part was issued in July 1837 and the last in May 1843. The sheets were then collected into two volumes, with the addition of "many occurrences of rare birds and of some that were even new to Britain". The additional birds were listed and briefly described in the Preface and "the new subjects have been engraved on single leaves, so paged, that the bookbinder may insert these separate leaves among the birds of the genus to which each respectively belongs."

British Birds was illustrated with drawings by Alexander Fussell. Yarrell thanked him for "nearly five hundred of the drawings on wood here employed". The artist of the remaining drawings (the title-page asserts there are 520 in the book) is not identified. Yarrell also thanked John Thompson and his sons for the "very long series of engravings" of the drawings,

At the time of its release, Yarrell's Birds was considered the best work on the subject both scientifically and artistically. "It quickly became the standard reference work for a generation of British ornithologists, replacing Thomas Bewick's book of the same name through its increased scientific accuracy, but following Bewick in its mixture of scientific data, accurate illustrations, detailed descriptions and varied anecdotes, as well as in the use of small 'tail-piece' engravings at the ends of articles. This made the book attractive to the public as well as to specialists. Yarrell, a newsagent without university education, corresponded widely with eminent naturalists including Carl Linnaeus, Coenraad Jacob Temminck and Thomas Pennant to collect accurate information on the hundreds of species illustrated in the work" (Wikipedia article on A History of British Birds, accessed 6-2020).

Fifty copies were issued on large paper.

Larrey's history of his experiences with Napoleon and Napoleon's armies during the Egypt campaign. Includes a reprint of Larrey's treatise on trachoma, which was first published at Napoleon's press in Cairo.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link

Some copies of this book include 8 of the 16 plates hand-colored; an unusual manual process for a book produced at this date.

Lusitano has been credited with early recognition of the circulation of the blood. How much he might have understood the circulation remains in doubt; however, through dissections of the Azygos vein, he was the first to observe and record his observations of the venous valves.
In Centuria I, paragraph (Curatio) 513 Lusitano described how, in 1547, he performed an experiment before some scholars from the University of Ferrara, blowing air into the lower part of the azygos, and showing that the vena cava would not be inflated. It was not possible for the air to escape because of the valve or operculum mentioned. The anatomist Giambattista Canano, witnessed these experiments, and discovery of the valves was later attributed to him by mistake.

Of 16th century Jewish physicians, Lusitano may have been the most significant in terms of the number of his scientific contributions and the extent of his publications.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This work Schenck described his personal observations of language disorders, along with the observations of other physicians. He has been called a pioneer of neurolinguistics.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Catalogue of the very extensive collection of plants collected by the Lazarist missionary Father Armand David for the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle during his three major naturalist expeditions in China, Mongolia and Tibet from 1866 to 1874. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Includes an index to the natural history aspects that Smith recorded. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The first published book on the flora of Australia, issued by Sowerby in four parts between 1793 and 1795. It included 16 hand-colored plates reproducing paintings by Sowerby, mostly based on sketches by John White, author of A journal of a voyage to New South Wales (1790), and 54 pages of accompanying text by Sir James Edward Smith.

Digital facsimile from bibdigital.rjb.csic.es at this link.

The "standard enumerative bibliography" of 70,000 works on China up to 1921, including the full titles, tables of contents, and annotations regarding many books. Cordier was able to achieve this despite having only minimal knowledge of Chinese.

Digital facsimile of vols. 1-4 from BnF Gallica at this link.

Because of its highly comprehensive nature this bibliography includes extensive coverage of works on the natural history, botany, zoology, etc. of China.

Appearing in March, 1847, this was Snow's first publication on anesthesia. It contains the first description and illustration of his regulating inhaler, the first such device to control the amount of ether vapor received by the patient.
When ether anesthesia was introduced to England in late 1846 Snow immediately began experimenting with the process, and eventually became the first physician to limit his practice to anesthesiology. As the earliest specialist in clinical anesthesiology, Snow was also the first to perform experiments on the physiology of the anesthetized state, the results of which laid the foundations for the development of anesthesiology as a science. In the present paper Snow noted that the amount of ether vapor absorbed by air varied according to air temperature and provided a table of the proportion of ether to air at temperatures ranging from 38 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

An extensive illustrated work, with 283 copperplate engravings, on the natural history of the Danube river, the longest river in central Europe, which runs from southern Germany into Austria, through Slovakia, Hungary, along Croatia, through Serbia and Romania, and along Bulgaria, towards the Black Sea, flowing through Regensburg, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and numerous other cities. 

Volumes 4-6 describe the animals living in the river and about its course, a description of the fish, birds and their nests, the quadrupeds roaming the banks, etc. The volumes are devoted to cartography, astronomy and hydrography (Volume 1),  archaeology and history of the settlements, towns, roads and bridges (Vol. 2); mineralogy (Vol. 3); fish (Vol. 4), which includes one plate with shells, and two with turtles; avifauna (Vol. 5); and several other subjects, including meteorological and climatological observations, notes on the river's velocity, the insects occurring in and near the river, etc., (Vol. 6). They are titled as follows: Tomus I, in tres partes digestus : geographicum, astronomicum, hydrographicum; Tomus II. De Antiquitatibus Romanorum ad ripas Danubii; Tomus. III. De Mineralibus circa Danubium effossis; Tomus IV. De Piscibus in aquis Danubii viventibus; Tomus V. De Avibus circa aquas Danubii vagantibus, et de ipsarum nidis.; Tomus VI. De Fontibus Danubii. Observationes anatomicae. De Aquis Danubii et Tibisci. Catalogus plantarum. Observationes habitae cum barometris et thermometris. De Insectis. Wood: “The part of ornithological plates with 74 drawings by the Italian artist Raimondo Manzini (1658-1730), including 59 birds, and 15 nests with eggs, the latter are considered the first illustrations of their kind in the history of ornithology” (DSB).

Prefaced by an extensive historical introduction; the remainder of the text being of historical significance in the 21st century.
Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The first genome sequence of a single human (Craig Venter), including analysis and comments on his genetic markers, and their possible medical and prognosticating implications. 
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Levy, Sutton, Ng....Venter).
It has been estimated that the cost of sequencing the first human genome using first generation machines may have reached $100 million. Within a year the costs of sequencing a genome declined substantially. James Watson's genome, the second human genome sequenced, was accomplished in 2008 at a cost of $1.5 million. 
(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

This brief notice, about 400 words long, citing no references, was the first published account of an incubator for premature infants. Denucé built a double-walled zinc tub in which the space between the walls was filled with warm water.

Auvert described a new and improved closed incubator inspired by a bird/poultry incubator that Tarnier saw at a Paris zoo, and had adapted for human babies by the bird incubator's inventor, Dr. Martin.  Tarnier used that successfully at the Paris Maternité hospital in 1881, and then, with his intern, Dr. Auvard, built a new model superior at regulating and maintaining the babies's temperature. Use of the incubator caused a 50% reduction in mortality. The portion of this extensive French paper in which Auvard described the incubator was translated into English by Egbert Grandin and published as "The incubator for infants," American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, 17 (1884) 421-424.  The translation, which includes detailed drawings of the incubator, is available from the Hathi Trust at this link. The French text of the 1883 paper is available from neonatology.org at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Ibsen developed the first Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during the polio epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952, formally setting up the unit in 1953 in a converted student nurse classroom in the Municipal Hospital in Copenhagen. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Tanner established "normal" parameters for ranking the height and weight of children by percentile during growth. 
(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The first whole-animal connectomes for both adult sexes of a single species. "As none of the EM series cover an entire single animal, to generate whole animal connectomes, data from different  reconstruction series were combined and the remaining gaps were filled by extrapolating known connectivity across repetitive regions." The editorial introducing the paper also credited artificial intelligence with key input in the completion and integration of all the data to elucidate all the connections. The graphic displays of highly complex information in the printed version and interactive online version of this paper are particularly remarkable. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Cook, Jarrell...Emmons.)

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

In 1956 Sister Jean Ward of the Premature Unit of the Rochford General Hospital in Essex, England noted the benefit of phototherapy when she took infants outside because she assumed that fresh air had healing benefits. In areas exposed to outdoor light, she and other doctors noted that the yellow tint of jaundice began to disappear. The staff of the hospital also found that bilirubin levels decreased in vials of blood set in the sunlight. Cremer, a physician, and "Pediatric Registrar" at Rochford General Hospital, created the first phototherapy machine to explore the effects of artificial light on premature infants. Cremer co-authored the paper with Perryman, a biochemist, and Richards, chief technician of the biochemistry department of the hospital.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

”A very curious work, attributing the causes of many diseases to spirits and basing their cure on this theory. There is a great deal on insanity. The methods of treatment are partly chemical, partly magnetical, even such modern ideas as suggestion and other mental treatments are proposed.” (Duveen, Bibliotheca chemica et alchemica, p. 622).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Auction catalogue of the library of the de Jussieu dynasty of botanists.  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Remarkably, many of the treasures of the Jussieu dynastic library, formed starting in the 18th century, remained in the family, and were sold at auction in Paris by Edouard Giard and Georges Andrieux on 10 February 1936. The larger portion of the library was dispersed at auction in January 1858.

Friedman's library, containing copies of many great medical classics, was sold at auction by Sotheby's in New York, on November 16, 2001.

Posthumously published classified listing of the immense museum of natural history specimens collected by Gevers, member of the town council, may of Rotterdam, and director of the Dutch East-Indian Company (VOC). Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Catalogue of Gronovius's museum which was sold at auction starting on October 7, 1778 and on succeeding days. Digital facsimile from docnum.unistra.fr at this link.

Gronovius described over 200 species of fish. He is also credited with developing a technique for preservation of fish skins. Today, a number of his fish skins are preserved in the Natural History Museum, London.

Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

"This volume contains nine of the most widely disseminated Middle English uroscopies, each of them short enough to be consulted quickly by practitioners and all of them commonly found in English medical miscellanies. Practical in their orientation, they are grounded firmly in Galenic humoralism and derive directly and indirectly from canonical Latin uroscopies, along with the Arabic and Greek antecedents of the Latin tradition. Together they occur in over 120 manuscripts.

"Despite the pervasive incidence of uroscopy in medieval medical manuscripts and medical practice, very few Middle English uroscopies have yet been edited, a gap that this edition seeks to reduce. Three of the texts edited are translated from widely circulated Latin originals; three are translated or adapted from a frequently copied French original (part of the Lettre d'Hippocrate); and three appear to be native English compositions.

"The Apparatus collates each text selectively against four to eight secondary witnesses, chosen primarily to represent different textual families for each item. The edition also contains a detailed Introduction; a Textual Commentary and a Medical Commentary; a detailed Glossary with special attention to medical vocabulary; and images of diagrams that accompany the texts.

'As a group, these texts provide an overview of the best-known elements of English vernacular uroscopy and a precis of western uroscopic knowledge more generally. They also shed light on the day-to-day application of uroscopic diagnosis by ordinary practitioners in the later Middle Ages, and thus on one of the central arenas of healer/patient interaction in the period" (publisher).

Father Du Molinet's "cabinet" incorporated the major part of Fabri de Peiresc's collection. The first part of this work, extensively illustrated with engravings, described antiquities: Christian, Egyptian and Roman; funerary objects; weights and measures; coins; medals; engraved gems; talismans and seals (including a section on Gnostic seals); and lamps.The second part concerned  natural history objects, including birds; animals; fish; fruits; plants; shells; stones; and minerals.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

In this lengthy paper of nearly 80 pages Lartet proposed “the first chronological framework into which both human skeletal and cultural remains could be fitted, based on fossil animal bones recovered from French cave sites” (Spencer 1997, 606). Cultural remains included flints and bone carvings. The first figure in plate 10 shows Lartet’s original concept of how the human skeletons in the Aurignac had been arranged in the chamber; he subsequently altered his opinion based on discoveries made in 1862. In the final plate of this paper Lartet published an illustration of two deer carved on a reindeer bone which had been found between 1834 and 1845 by Pierre-Amédée Brouillet in the cave of Chauffaud in the Vienne. Brouillet and others had thought the engraving to be Celtic, but Lartet declared it be much earlier; his appreciation of the significance and true date of the finds from Chaffaud, Aurignac and Massat was “the first clear statement of what we now call Franco-Cantabrian Upper Palaeolithic art.” (Daniel 1981, 62). An English translation of the first part of this paper, including a reproduction of Lartet’s reconstruction of the burial chamber, was published as "New researches respecting the co-existence of man with the great fossil mammals, regarded as characteristic of the latest geological period," The Natural History Review, 2, no. 5 (January 1862) 53–71.

Argelata was a pupil of Guy de Chauliac, and professor at Bologna. He is supposed to have done the autopsy on Pope Alexander V, who died suddenly on May 3, 1410. ISTC No. ia00951000. Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

With physicist Fritz Giesel, Walkhoff on December 28, 1895 Walkhoff did the first dental radiograph on his own teeth. Later, Walkhoff was "responsible for the shift to an everyday use of camphorated chlorophenol to sterilise the canals" (Xavier Riaud, "The first dental radiograph (1896)" http://medcraveonline.com/JDHODT/JDHODT-09-00325.pdf).

See also Walkhoff, "Gutachten über die Wirkung des Chlorphenol-Kampfer-Menthols," Zahnärztliche Rundschau, 39, (1930). 

Walkhoff was one of the first to employ microphotography to illustrate dental histology.

"Abstract
"This index of medical medieval texts is the first result of a collective work started in the 60s. It is deliberately limited to medical works (to the exclusion of veterinary art, alchemy, and natural philosophy) and to texts composed before 1500; it includes almost 2300 headwords, divided among anonymous (about 740) and authors (about 1540), and this total reflects the examination of more than 500 manuscripts."

"When, why and how was it first believed that the corpse could reveal ‘signs’ useful for understanding the causes of death and eventually identifying those responsible for it? The Body of Evidence. Corpses and Proofs in Early Modern European Medicine, edited by Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, shows how in the late Middle Ages the dead body, which had previously rarely been questioned, became a specific object of investigation by doctors, philosophers, theologians and jurists. The volume sheds new light on the elements of continuity, but also on the effort made to liberate the semantization of the corpse from what were, broadly speaking, necromantic practices, which would eventually merge into forensic medicine" (publisher).

The first history of an African-American medical school written by an African-American. Meharry Medical College, founded in 1876 as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College, was the first medical college for African-Americans in the South. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Extensively illustrated catalogue by Bonanni of the Musaeum Kircherianum, formed in the mid-17th century by the Jesuit polymath, Athanasius Kircher, and housed in the Jesuit Collegio Romano. Reflective of Kircher's polymathic interests, the museum included objects of every kind from many disciplines: antiquities, archaeology, ethnography, natural history, etc., and also included a number of mathematical, scientific, and physical instruments. Components of Kircher's museum were later dispersed to various other museums in Rome, leaving this book as the only record of its contents. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

This standard work catalogued nearly 1000 manuscripts, including medical texts.

The first European history of Arab or Islamic medicine. Amoreux was professor in the faculty of medicine in Montpellier (an Arabist medical center in the Renaissance), and also the librarian. He stated in the introduction that he was motivated to write this book because previous historians of medicine such as LeClerc did not cover this aspect of the history of medicine. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.  New edition with an introduction by Robert Jütte, Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001.

Pelikan, professor of forensic medicine in St. Petersburg, published this German version of his treatise on the fanatical Russian Christian sect Skoptsy, known for its practice of castration, clitoridectomies, and mastectomies of its members, the year after it appeared in Russian. "According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the sect still operated within the USSR in 1947.^[14] It is believed to have mostly disappeared by the 1970s,^[15] although there are reports of surviving communities in Latvia in the 1990s.^[16] A small sect of so-called "spiritual Skoptsy" (духовные скопцы), ascetics who do not practice castration, survive in the North Caucasus" (Wikipedia article on Skoptsy, accessed 6-2020).

Houston described four individuals who developed "edema of the lungs" as a result of high elevation activities. "He described chest X-rays with edema and non-specific changes on EKG. Even though these cases had been termed high altitude pneumonia in the past, Houston indicated that these cases were 'acute pulmonary edema without heart disease' " (Wikipedia article on High-altitude pulmonary edema, accessed 6-2020).

In 1985 Houston, Sutton and Cymerman and colleagues in Canada used a decompression chamber to simulate a seven week ascent of Mt. Everest. This appears to be their first paper summarizing the overall results. Many publications were issued from the research done in this pioneering study. The first extensive collective report appears to be Houston, Cymerman, Sutton, Operation Everest II: Biomedical studies during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest. Natick, MA: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 1991.

"In October 1985, 25 years ago, 8 subjects and 27 investigators met at the United States Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) altitude chambers in Natick, Massachusetts, to study human responses to a simulated 40-day ascent of Mt. Everest, termed Operation Everest II (OE II). Led by Charlie Houston, John Sutton, and Allen Cymerman, these investigators conducted a large number of investigations across several organ systems as the subjects were gradually decompressed over 40 days to the Everest summit equivalent. There the subjects reached a  of 15.3 mL/kg/min (28% of initial sea-level values) at 100 W and arterial Po₂ and Pco₂ of ∼28 and ∼10 mm Hg, respectively. Cardiac function resisted hypoxia, but the lungs could not: ventilation–perfusion inequality and O₂ diffusion limitation reduced arterial oxygenation considerably. Pulmonary vascular resistance was increased, was not reversible after short-term hyperoxia, but was reduced during exercise. Skeletal muscle atrophy occurred, but muscle structure and function were otherwise remarkably unaffected. Neurological deficits (cognition and memory) persisted after return to sea level, more so in those with high hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness, with motor function essentially spared. Nine percent body weight loss (despite an unrestricted diet) was mainly (67%) from muscle and exceeded the 2% predicted from energy intake–expenditure balance. Some immunological and lipid metabolic changes occurred, of uncertain mechanism or significance. OE II was unique in the diversity and complexity of studies carried out on a single, courageous cohort of subjects. These studies could never have been carried out in the field, and thus complement studies such as the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest (AMREE) that, although more limited in scope, serve as benchmarks and reality checks for chamber studies like OE II" (Peter D. Wagner, "Operation Everest II," High. Alt. Med. Biol., 11 (2010) 111-119).

The first separate general work on fungi, describing edible and poisonous varieties. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from dwc.knaw.nl at this link. Originally published in Bijdragen tot de dierkunde, v. 27, 1939.