A pupil of Boerhaave, van Swieten transplanted the latter’s method of teaching to Vienna and founded the Vienna School of Medicine. He spent many years on the preparation of his great Commentaria. English translation, 18vols., 1771-76.

Huxham’s best work. He was well known in the west of England and wrote important monographs on diphtheria and on Devonshire colic. Huxham seemed to appreciate that a difference existed between typhus and typhoid, at that time usually regarded as one condition. This book included the first use of the word “influenza” by an English physician.

Sauvages de Lacroix, a friend of Linnaeus, adopted the botanical system of Linnaeus for the classification of diseases. His classification system listed 10 major classes of disease, which were further broken down into numerous orders, 295 genera, and 2400 species (individual diseases). Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This work made Cullen’s reputation. In it he divided diseases into fevers, neurosis, cachexias and local disorders. Cullen was the foremost British clinical teacher of his time, one of the first to give clinical lectures in Great Britain. (See also No. 76.) Several English translations are available. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. Translated as Nosology: Or, a systematic arrangement of diseases, by classes, orders, genera, and species ... and outlines of the systems of Sauvages, Linnaeus, Vogel, Sagar, and Macbride (London, 1800). Digital facsimile of the 1800 edition from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Intenet Archive at this link.

Samuel Johnson called Heberden “the last of our learned physicians”. The above work included all his important papers, which had earned him his great reputation, and which are dealt with elsewhere in this database (see Nos. 2887, 2291, 5438, 5831). Heberden's book was published posthumously by Heberden’s son, and at once acquired a European reputation; “it had the distinction of being the last important medical treatise written in Latin” (Rolleston). An English translation also appeared in 1802. Chap. 78 reports two cases of anaphylactoid (abdominal) purpura. Henoch (No. 3065) and Schönlein (No. 3058) established this condition as a distinct entity. In his chapter De nodis digitorum Heberden described a form of rheumatic gout in which nodules (“Heberden’s nodes”) appeared at the interphalangeal joints of the fingers. Heberden's introduction to the book, written in 1767, was not published until the 4th edition (1816).

Blackall predated Bright in detecting albuminuria in association with edema. His book, of which the second edition is more important than the first, includes reports on cases of angina pectoris.

Includes Parry’s interesting description of eight cases of exophthalmic goitre, the first of which was observed in 1786, and his notes on four cases of angina pectoris. Parry's paper, "Enlargement of the thyroid gland in connection with enlargement or palpitation of the heart," appears in vol. 2, pp. 111-129. This is classic account of exophthalmic goitre. Although Graves and Basedow have both been credited with the first description of the condition, giving their names to it, Osler called attention to the priority of Parry’s claim, and it is now sometimes referred to as “Parry’s disease”. Garrison says that Parry first noted the condition in 1786; he briefly reported it in his Elements of pathology and therapeutics, 1815. Reprinted in Med. Classics, 1940, 5, 8-30. See No. 2210.

Parry was a copious note-taker, and many of these notes are here published for the first time. His careful records of many years’ observation in practice were intended to form a large work, Elements of pathology and therapeutics, of which only the first volume appeared, in 1815; this was republished, together with the unfinished vol. 2, in 1825. In vol. 1, pp. 478-80 Parry was the first to record cases of facial hemiatrophy.

This posthumous work was seen through the press by Parry's son, the physician and writer Charles Henry Parry, who added the following supplementary volume, which is not always noticed: Introductory Essays to Collections from the unpublished Medical Writings of the late Caleb Hillier Parry, M.D.,  also published in 1825. 

Both a doctor and a minister, Smith, physician to the London Fever Hospital, called himself, “physician to body and soul.” He argued that the poor are impoverished by fever and that fever was preventable. This book influenced Edwin Chadwick’s later achievements with the Poor Law Board, moving the ethos of public health away from the voluntary, philanthropic, individualistic eighteenth-century approach, into the imperative, community-oriented Victorian mode. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Bigelow was attached to the Massachusetts General Hospital. The above “did more than any other work or essay in our own language to rescue the practice of medicine from the slavery of the drugging system which was part of the inheritance of the profession” (Oliver Wendell Holmes).

Stokes, most prominent of the Irish school of medicine, established his reputation by his book on diseases of the chest. Important among its contents are his discovery of a stage of pneumonia prior to that described by Laennec as the first, his observations that contraction of the side has sometimes followed the cure of pneumonia and that paralysis of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm may result from pleurisy, and his employment of the stethoscope as an aid to the detection of foreign bodies in the air passages.

Originally issued in three parts from 1836 to 1839 when the authors were joint lecturers on medicine at Guy’s Hospital.

Magendie, pioneer experimental physiologist, regarded pathology as only a modification of physiology, “medicine the physiology of the sick man”. By him clinical medicine was reconstructed on physiological lines.

Graves was one of the founders of the Irish school of medicine and one of the most important figures in Irish medicine at the middle of the 19th century. Second edition of the book (as Clinical lectures on the practice of medicine) in 1848.

First published in the Medical Times & Gazette, 1840-42, Watson’s famous lectures appeared in book form and formed the most important treatise of medicine for a quarter-century. Watson wrote in a fine style, and his book was reorganized as a sound guide to clinical medicine. Watson suggested (vol. 2, p. 349) rubber gloves for antisepsis; he also instructed his students to wash their hands in a solution of chloride of lime before assisting at deliveries.

Murchison was one of the greatest clinical teachers London has ever known; of his many writings his book on continued fever is probably the most important. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Trousseau, clinician of the Hôtel-Dieu, made important advances in the treatment of diphtheria, typhoid, scarlet fever and other conditions. In his book he emphasized the value of bedside observation. He supported the doctrine of the specific nature of disease and realized the significance of Pasteur’s work on fermentation. On pp. 112-14 of vol. 2 Trousseau described the phenomenon in tetany which now bears his name. This is produced by pressure upon the arm sufficient to stop the circulation; the result is a sudden contraction of the fingers and hand into the so-called “obstetrical position”. English translation, 1868-72.

Charcot inaugurated a course of study of geriatrics, at the Salpêtrière, in 1866; his lectures are embodied in the above work. English translation, 1881.

Addison was a contemporary of Bright at Guy’s Hospital and a fine lecturer.

Digital facsimile of Vol. 2, pt. 1 from the Internet Archive at this link, of Vol. 3 at this link.

Senator was a director of the Charité Hospital in Berlin and later at the university polyclinic. His study of fever represents his best work.

Latham, successively physician to Middlesex and St. Bartholomew’s hospitals, was an authority on cardiac disease and among the earliest in England to advocate auscultation. He held progressive views on medical education and championed clinical study in the wards. His clinical lectures are among the very best.

Strümpell gave an excellent description of ankylosing spondylitis (“Strümpell’s disease”, the “spondylose rhizomélique” of Pierre Marie, No. 4368) on p. 152 of his Lehrbuch. See No. 2229. He published an important paper on the subject in Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk., 1897, 11, 338-42, which was translated into English in Bick, Classics of orthopaedics, 345-47. More than 30 editions of this book appeared, many translated into other languages. English translation in 1887.

Fagge was physician to Guy’s hospital and editor of Guy’s Hospital Reports. His important textbook was published posthumously.

Osler’s textbook was the best English work on medicine of its time. He became Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford in 1904. Besides being one of the greatest of all clinicians, he was possessed of a fine literary style and an extensive knowledge of medical bibliography. Garrison has written of him: “When he came to die, Osler was, in a very real sense, the greatest physician of our time … Good looks, distinction, blithe, benignant manners, a sunbright personality, radiant with kind feeling and good will toward his fellow men, an Apollonian poise, swiftness and surety of thought and speech, every gift of the gods was his; and to these were added careful training, unsurpassed clinical ability, the widest knowledge of his subject, the deepest interest in everything human, and a serene hold upon his fellows that was as a seal set upon them”.

For Osler’s own account of the preparation of his textbook, see the Bibliotheca Osleriana (No. 6772), item 3544. See also Richard L. Golden & Charles G. Roland, Sir William Osler: An annotated bibliography with illustrations, San Francisco, 1988, and Harvey Cushing’s Life of Sir William Osler, 2 vols., Oxford, 1925. Also see Harvey & McKusick, eds., Osler's textbook revisited (New York, 1967) and  Richard L. Golden, A history of William Osler's Principles and Practice of medicine (Montreal, 2004). 

Copies of the first issue of the first edition have the title of Plato's Socratic dialogue Gorgias misspelled "Georgias" (on the verso of the third leaf), and the publisher's advertisements dated November 1891. The advertisements in later copies of the first printing are dated March 1892. 3000 copies of the first printing were sold within two months. The second printing, with "Georgias" corrected to "Gorgias," was published in April 1892. 

Gull, one of the best clinicians of his time, spent most of his working life at Guy’s Hospital. He described the spinal lesion of tabes and left an important account of aneurysm. His best works are his description of myxoedema and his original description of arteriolosclerotic atrophy of the kidney.

“Stiller’s disease” – habitus asthenicus.

English translation, 1915.

See No. 2237. With P. Klemperer and A. Schifrin.

P. Klemperer, A. D. Pollack, and G. Baehr combined a number of diseases, hitherto regarded as unrelated, into an entity which they termed diffuse collagen disease.

The Hargraves “L. E”. cell, a diagnostic aid in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus. With H. Richmond and R. J. Morton. First reported by Morton in A study of the bone marrow in cases of disseminated lupus erythematosus, his Univeristy of Minnesota thesis, 1947, prepared under the guidance of Hargraves.

In his study of the etiology of the collagen disease Selye developed the idea that animals react to stress or injury by a certain sequence of physiological reactions – the “general adaption syndrome”.

A well-illustrated and reliable account. 

A collection of classic descriptions of disease by 179 different writers, from ancient times to the present. Foreign papers are translated into English. A second edition of this most interesting and useful book appeared in 1939, the principal additions being on the subjects of malaria and yellow fever, and a third edition was published in 1945.

Attempts to list and annotate every reference of fundamental importance in the development of 21 selected diseases.

FitzPatrick Lectures 1960-61. This book traces the changing clinical methods throughout the centuries to show how they arose and how they have grown into their present forms.

One of the earliest detailed and realistic descriptions of the New World. Acosta hypothesized that the indigenous peoples of Latin America had migrated from Asia. He also divided the native peoples into three barbarian categories, described Inca and Aztec customs and history, as well as other information such as winds and tides, lakes, rivers, plants, animals, and mineral resources in the New World. Lib. 3, chap. 9 contains his description of mountain sickness, “Acosta’s disease”, which he experienced during his crossing of the Peruvian Andes. This was the first description of altitude sickness. Digital facsimile of 1590 edition from Google Books at this link.

Translated into English as The naturall and morall historie of the East and West Indies Intreating of the remarkable things of heaven, of the elements, mettalls, plants and beasts which are proper to that country: together with the manners, ceremonies, lawes, governments, and warres of the Indians. Written in Spanish by the R.F. Ioseph Acosta, and translated into English by E.G. (London, 1604). Full text of the 1604 translation from Early English Books Online at this link.

First book devoted entirely to burns. Fabry was the first to classify burns.

Translated into English by John Steer as:

Gulielm, Fabricius Hildamus, his experiments in chyrurgerie concerning combustions or burnings made with gun powder, iron shot, hot-water, lightning, or any other fiery matter whatsoever : in which is excellently described the differences, signs, prognostication and cures, of all accidents and burning themselves : very necessary and useful for all gentlemen, and soldiers as well of the trayned bands, as others, especially upon sudden occasions / translated out of Latine by Iohn Steer, Chyrurgeon. London: Printed by Barnard Alsop...., 1642. Full text of the 1642 edition from quod.lib.umich.edu at this link.

A treatise on sunstroke.

Dupuytren was born in poverty and died a millionaire. He became the best surgeon of his time in France. He was a “shrewd diagnostician, an operator of unrivaled aplomb, a wonderful clinical teacher, and a good experimental physiologist and pathologist” (Garrison); his greatest contributions were in the field of surgical pathology. Vol. 1, p. 424 contains Dupuytren's classification of burns. English translation by A. S. Doane, Boston, 1833.

Longmore was an army surgeon in India; he gave an excellent account of heat-stroke.

Pollock used Reverdin’s skin-grafting technique in the treatment of burn contractures.

Barclay, an army surgeon in India, wrote an important paper on heat-stroke.

A study of the pathology of sunstroke. Wood held the chairs of botany, therapeutics, and neurology at the University of Pennsylvania.

Introduction of the open or exposure method for the treatment of burns.

Wilms was first to carry out full excision of burnt tissue, and sometimes grafted excised areas.

Treatment of burns with ambrine (paraffin-resin solution); keritherapy.

F. P. Underhill, G. L. Carrington, R. Kapsinow, and G. T. Pack made important studies on the blood concentration following burns.

Introduction of tannic acid in the treatment of burns.

Riehl was an early advocate of blood transfusion in the treatment of shock after burns.

Goldblatt’s classification of burns.

Jellinek specialized in the study of injuries and deaths caused by electricity, and their prevention.

Introduction of gentian violet in the treatment of burns.

Bettman introduced the tannic acid-silver nitrate method of treating burns.

Bunyan bag.

Contains some history of the subject and includes a valuable bibliography of 1,320 entries.

This book is the earliest work in English devoted to tropical medicine. It discusses sunstroke, tabardilla (possibly typhus or yellow fever), prickly heat, dysentery, erysipelas and scurvy. Facsimile reproduction, with introduction and notes by Charles Singer, Oxford, 1915. Because the author is identified only as G. W. on the title page for a long time authorship of this work was attributed to George Whetsone, an Elizabethan poet, soldier, and traveller. More recently authorship has been assigned to George Wateson, who signed the dedication. Little is known about Wateson.

The first important work on tropical diseases. Only six copies of the original edition of this book are known. It includes full accounts of malaria, typhoid, and scurvy, and the first accurate descriptions of yellow fever, amoebic hepatitis, dracontiasis, trichuriasis, and tungiasis. Abreu's description of scurvy was remarkably precise. He treated the disease with fresh milk and antiscorbutic syrups, particularly rose syrup- a rich natural source of ascorbic acid. For a study of the book see F. Guerra, Clio Medica, 1968, 1, 59-60. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Bontius was probably the first to regard tropical medicine as an independent branch of medical science. He spent the last four years of his life in the Dutch East Indies, and his book incorporates the experience he gained there. It is the first Dutch work on tropical medicine and includes the first modern description of beri-beri and cholera. On pp. 115-120 of the first edition Bontius provided the first modern description of Beri-beri, the deficiency disease endemic to Eastern and Southern Asia (sporadic elsewhere). This diseases results from a thiamine deficiency caused by too great a dependence on polished rice in the diet. (See No. 3740). It was mentioned in Chinese literature before the Christian era. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. Translated into English anonymously as An account of the diseases, natural history and medicines of the East Indies to which are added annotations by a physician (London, 1769). Digital facsimile of the English translation from Google Books at this link.

Piso's study of the natural history of Brazil was also a pioneer work on tropical medicine, and also the largest work from the standpoint of format published by the Elzeviers. The folio includes De medicina brasiliensi by Piso and Historia rerum naturalium brasiliae by the German naturalist and astronomer Georg Marggraf.

Piso was the first to separate yaws from syphilis. The second edition, entitled De lndiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri xiv (Amsterdam, 1658), included additional material by Piso and by de Bondt (see No. 2263). It also included a different version of the frontispiece. See also Nos. 1825. Digital facsimile of a copy of the 1648 edition with a hand-colored frontispiece from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1658 edition from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Lind came near to discovering the connection between malaria and mosquitoes. He is best remembered for his work on scurvy (No. 3713), but the above book is one of the more important early works on tropical medicine.

Digital facsimile from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.

Manson has been called the “father of modern tropical medicine”. He had vast experience of disease in the Tropics and himself made many valuable contributions to the knowledge of this subject. He described tinea nigra and tinea imbricata, found fllaria in elephantiasis and discovered Filaria hominis. In 1898 he founded the London School of Tropical Medicine. The 16th edition of his book, edited by P. H. Manson-Bahr, appeared in 1966.

Castellani made several discoveries of great importance in tropical medicine. The above work is a standard text on tropical medicine in English. Third edition, 1919.

An exhaustive history of the subject to the time of writing.

About 200 key papers, reproduced in whole or in part, in English translation where necessary. Includes useful biographical notes. 

First separate dated Latin translation of De locis affectis, made by Wilhelm Copp of Basel. In this work devoted to pathology, Galen made many valuable deductions on inflammation and on tumors. He was familiar with cholera, hydrophobia, and malaria, the relations of urinary calculi to the kidney, ureter, and bladder. He recognized bronchitis, empyema, consumption, and pyuria. English translation by Rudolph E. Siegel, Basel, 1976.

Antonio Benivieni's The hidden causes of diseases was the first book on pathological anatomy, presenting the first reports of autopsies made specifically to determine the cause of death. The work records twenty post-mortem examinations performed by Benivieni or his colleagues, in which he observed gallstones, urinary calculi, scirrhous cancer of the stomach, fibrous cardiac tumor and peritonitis from intestinal perforation. Benivieni was the first physician known to have requested permission from his patients’ relatives to perform necropsies in uncertain cases. He was also one of the first physicians to study syphilis and opened his work with an account of that disease, noting its superficial manifestations (including syphlitic periostitis), and transmission of the disease to the fetus. Benivieni died before he could complete this work or arrange for its publication. His text was edited and revised from Benivieni’s manuscript by his brother Girolamo, a Florentine poet and musician, with the aid of physician Giovanni Rosati. Facsimile reproduction and English translation, 1954. Digital facsimile of the 1507 edition from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.

The first systematic treatise on pathology, which also introduced the names for the sciences of pathology and physiology. In the second part, entitled “Pathologia”, Fernel provided the first systematic essay on the subject, methodically discussing the diseases of each organ. Fernel was the first to describe appendicitis, endocarditis, etc. He believed aneurysms to be produced by syphilis, and differentiated true from false aneurysms. He was physician to Henri II of France. The first section of the above work is the second edition of Fernel’s classic treatise on physiology (No. 572).

Schenck was the greatest compiler of his day. His Observationes form the easiest source-book for the pathological observations of Sylvius, Vesalius, and Columbus, and represent a lifetime of medical reading and experience. They were first published at Basle, 1584-97.

The first textbook of surgical pathology. It treats of all kinds of swelling under the term “abscess” and describes neoplasms of the genital organs and sarcoma of bones. Tumors of the breast are classified into four groups, the section devoted to them being one of the most important in the book. It also contains the first description of infantile hydrocephalus. De recondita abscessuum natura was also the first book to include illustrations of lesions with the text. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This is the first collection of systematized pathological anatomy. It contains clinical and pathological descriptions of nearly 3,000 cases selected from the literature from the time of Hippocrates, but mainly from the 16th and 17th centuries. It is the most useful reference book for early descriptions of pathological conditions.

Recamier (1829) is credited with coining the term metastasis with respect to cancer. It is evident that Hoffmann and his pupil Sontag used the term nearly 100 years earlier in this general thesis on disease. They did not apply it specifically to cancer though they mentioned tumors twice in the dissertation, on pp. 12 and 14. The title of Sontag's thesis may be translated as Inaugural medical dissertation on metastasis or the altered seat of disease. How one disease often turns into another.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Morgagni was the founder of modern pathological anatomy. The work was completed in Morgagni’s 79th year and consists of a series of 70 letters reporting about 700 cases and necropsies. As best he could, he correlated the clinical record with the post–mortem finding. Morgagni gave the first descriptions of several pathological conditions. He was Professor of Anatomy at Padua. Selections from the above work are reproduced in Med. Classics, 1940, 4, 640-839. English translation by B. Alexander, 3 vols., London, 1769, (facsimile reprint, New York, Hafner, 1960; Mount Kisco, N.Y., Futura, 1980).

Classic descriptions of mitral stenosis (Letter III) and heart block, Stokes–Adams syndrome (vol. 1, p. 70) are reprinted in English translation in Willius & Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, pp. 177-82. In Volume one, p. 282 Morgagni also reported an authentic case of angina pectoris is recorded by Morgagni; he observed it in 1707.

Sandifort’s beautifully illustrated work on pathological anatomy included records of ulcerative aortic endocarditis, renal calculi, hemias, bony ankyloses, and congenital abnormalities. A good account of the “tetralogy of Fallot” (No. 2792) is given on pp. 1-38 of Vol. 1. For English translation see Amer. Heart J., 1956, 51, 9-25. In quality Sandifort's work is comparable with that of Morgagni, except that Morgagni's De sedibus was entirely unillustrated. 

Text in Latin and German. Includes an accurate description of peritonitis.

Baillie recorded a case of congenital dextrocardia with complete situs inversus viscerum. Reprinted in Willius & Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, pp. 257-62.

Baillie was a nephew and pupil of William Hunter. The above is the first systematic textbook of morbid anatomy, treating the subject for the first time as an independent science. See also Nos. 2736, 3167.1. Baillie was the last and most eminent owner of the famous gold-headed cane (No. 6709). His clear and comprehensive description of the pulmonary lesions of tuberculosis could hardly be bettered today; he differentiated the nodular and infiltrating types. Page 87: First clear description of the morbid anatomy and symptoms of gastric ulcer. Baillie is also credited with the first descritpion of transposition of the great vessels in this work.

The first systematic atlas of pathology. This work was intended to illustrate No. 2281, but, with its extensive descriptive text for each plate, it may be appreciated separately. The black & white engravings were prepared by John Hunter’s artist and amanuensis, William Clift (1775-1849), and depict numerous specimens from Hunter’s collection. A color facsimile edition of Clift’s personal copy reproducing his original watercolors, including some loaned by the Royal College of Physicians, was published in Melbourne, Univ. of Melbourne Press, 1985.

It was while serving with the army at Belle Isle during the Seven Years’ War that Hunter collected the material for his epoch-making book on inflammation and gunshot wounds. His studies on inflammation in particular are fundamental for pathology. Hunter recognized the process of inflammation as one of the most widespread phenomena in pathology, and classified it into three types: adhesive, in which adherence of contiguous parts caused localization of disease; suppurative, in which pus was formed; and ulcerative, in which tissue loss occurred through the action of the lymphatics. This was Hunter's last published work; he was in poor health when the book went to press and died after correcting only one-third of the proofs. The remainder of the work's publication was supervised by Matthew Baillie and Everard Home.

Meckel’s work on embryology brought a better understanding of congenital malformations, which had previously been attributed by many to supernatural influence. This work illustrates a number of anomalies and other diseases. It is a supplement to his Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. See No. 534.56.

Based on over 4000 autopsies performed over 30 years, and illustrated with fine hand-colored plates.

Beside's Bright's classic description of chronic non-suppurative nephritis, known eponymically as “Bright’s disease”, the Reports contain numerous other outstanding contributions to general pathology, neuropathology, and nephrology. Bright differentiated renal from cardiac dropsy (edema) and was first to correlate this and the previously observed albuminuria with the nephritic changes observed at autopsy. Vol. 2, published in 2 parts, is one of the earliest and most important atlases of neuropathology. Superbly illustrated throughout with hand-colored plates. Facsimile reprint of vol. 1, London: Gower Publishers & Royal Society of Medicine, 1985. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first significant work on the pathological anatomy of infants. Billard performed several hundred autopsies on infants and children and correlated the data obtained with clinical observations he had made. This pioneer work on the pathological anatomy of infants includes interesting observations on cerebral congestion, intestinal disturbances, the pulse, teething, etc. It includes the first classification of infantile diseases of any importance (Abt/Garrison). English translation of the third edition, 1839, does not include the atlas of colored plates.

First textbook of neuropathology. Originally published in a series of articles in Edin. med. surg. J., 1818-19, and first collected into book form in the German translation, with appendix, by C. Nasse, Bonn, E. Weber, 1821.

The fine hand-colored lithographs of gross pathology make this one of the greatest works of its kind. Cruveilhier, first Professor of Pathological Anatomy in Paris, gave the first description of multiple sclerosis (in vol. 2 above), and an early description of “Cruveilhier’s palsy” (see No. 4734). Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and ulceration of the stomach due to hyperacidity were also for the first time described in the above work; to each the name “Cruveilhier’s disease” has been attached. From publication in fascicules, 1829-42. See Eugene S. Flamm, "The neurology of Jean Cruveilhier," Medical History, 17 (1973) 343–355. (Available from PubMedCentral at this link.)

The extensive text accompanying many of Cruveilhier's plates was translated into English in John Allard Jeançon (1831-1903), Pathological anatomy, pathological and physical diagnosis. A series of clinical reports comprising the principal diseases of the human body (Cincinnati: Progress Publishing Co., 1884). Jeançon, a French physician who immigrated to the United States and served as a military surgeon during the American Civil War, also provided fine chromolithographed reproductions of many of Cruveilhier's plates, without crediting Cruveilhier either for the text or plates. Jeançon's version remains the only English translation of any part of Cruveilhier's pathological atlas.

First American work on pathology. Horner was Professor of Anatomy at Pennsylvania, and made several anatomical discoveries.

Includes a historical review of the subject from the time of the Ancient Egyptians to Corvisart, and a summary of the advances in pathology during the preceding 50 years. Vol. 2, pp. 553-600 deals with diseases of the arteries. Lobstein wrote an important section on ossification of arteries, and was first to use the word “arteriosclérose” (on p. 550). Vol. 2, pp. 204-12  "De la fragilité des os, ou de l’ostéopsathyrose" describes osteopsathyrosis (“Lobstein’s disease”), osteogenesis imperfecta, earlier described by Ekman (No. 4304.1).

Hope left a fine pathological atlas with brilliantly hand-coloured lithographs from his own drawings. While the book does not equal the atlases of Cruveilhier and Carswell, it is important as being a great stimulus to the study of pathology in England.

Important work which stimulated the study of tissue pathology in England. Hodgkin was the first in England to give a regular lecture course in morbid anatomy, which he began at Guy’s in 1827. Vol. 2, pt. 2 was never published.

Carswell was Professor of Morbid Anatomy at University College, London, and one of the leading English pathologists of his day. A fine artist, he personally painted 2,000 water-colours of pathological specimens. His great pathological atlas contains splendid hand-coloured lithographs which he selected from his collection of water-colours and personally drew on stone. Among the many pathologies illustrated was one of the first images of multiple sclerosis.

In his day Gross was the most famous surgeon in the U.S.A. He was for a time Professor of General Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathological Anatomy at Cincinnati Medical College and while there published his Elements, the first exhaustive, systematic study of pathological anatomy in English. Gross was the first to precede each description of the morbid anatomy of an organ with an account of its healthy color, weight, size and consistence founded on original research. The second edition of 1845 was considerably revised and enlarged, while the third edition of 1857 was abridged. Horner’s book (No. 2287) was the only important work on pathology to precede it in America.

Rokitansky ranks with Morgagni as among the greatest of all writers on gross pathology. He is said to have performed over 30,000 autopsies himself. His Handbuch was for many years pre-eminent among its contemporaries. Although Rokitansky embraced more than one false doctrine, he was quick to admit and correct his mistakes. Virchow’s criticism of the first edition of the Handbuch led Rokitansky to re-write it. He foresaw the eventual importance of chemical pathology, at that time non-existent. Vol. 1 of the first edition was published last; vol. 3 was published first.

Vol. 3 (1842), p. 313: Rokitansky’s classic description of the pathological picture of acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Rokitansky named the disease; it has also been called “Rokitansky’s disease”.

English translation, 4 vols., London, 1849-54.

Addison gave an important account of the process of inflammation. See L.J. Rather, Addison and the white corpuscles: An aspect of nineteenth-century biology. London, Wellcome Institute, 1972. See also No. 3059.

John Goodsir’s paper on “Centres of nutrition” anticipates to a certain extent the cell doctrine afterwards developed by Virchow (see No. 2299). Virchow dedicated the first edition of his Cellularpathologie to Goodsir. Goodsir’s paper on the bone-forming properties of certain corpuscles found within osseous tissue represent the foundation of the study of osteogenesis, as distinct from descriptive osteology.

Harry Goodsir, brother of John Goodsir, "served as surgeon and naturalist on the ill-fated Franklin expedition. His body was never found, but forensic studies in 2009 on skeletal remains earlier recovered from King William Island in Canada suggest that they may be those of Harry Goodsir" (Wikipedia article on Harry Goodsir).

Waller observed the penetration and migration of leucocytes through the endothelial vessel walls.

On the origin and chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular pigments, and on the supposed formation of new cells by the membranous envelopment of pigmented blood corpuscles or pigment granules.

Lebert set out to cover both general and special pathology. The superb hand-colored folio-sized copperplate engravings of macro- and micropathology in this work are among the finest ever published.

This paper reports the results of one of Lister’s most valuable researches; his conclusions still hold today.

Virchow was the greatest figure in the history of pathology. His best work, Die Cellularpathologie, is one of the most important books in the history of medicine and the foundation stone of cellular pathology. The English translation, London, 1860, was reprinted several times in the 19th century, and in recent years. Virchow founded the Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie (“Virchow’s Archiv”). Biography by E. H. Ackerknecht, 1953. See the annotated bibliography by L. J. Rather, A Commentary on the Medical Writings of Rudolf Virchow, San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 1990.