Nicolle considered infantile kala-azar to be caused by a distinct species of Leishmania; to this he gave the name L. infantum.

Migone first noted the existence of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas (Paraguay).

Vianna introduced tartar emetic in the treatment of S. American leishmaniasis. His preliminary announcement on this form of treatment was made to the Brazilian Dermatological Society and appears in Arch. brasil. Med., 1912, 2, 426-28. English translation of earlier paper in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Demonstration that L. donovani is capable of reproduction in Phlebotomus. With R. O. Smith.

Proof of the transmission of L. tropica by P. papatasii.

Successful transmission of kala-azar to man by the bite of Phlebotomus argentipes reported, showing it to be the vector of Leishmania. With H. E. Shortt and L. A. P. Anderson.

Piso's study of the natural history of Brazil was also a pioneer work on tropical medicine, and also the largest work from the standpoint of format published by the Elzeviers. The folio includes De medicina brasiliensi by Piso and Historia rerum naturalium brasiliae by the German naturalist and astronomer Georg Marggraf.

Piso was the first to separate yaws from syphilis. The second edition, entitled De lndiae utriusque re naturali et medica libri xiv (Amsterdam, 1658), included additional material by Piso and by de Bondt (see No. 2263). It also included a different version of the frontispiece. See also Nos. 1825. Digital facsimile of a copy of the 1648 edition with a hand-colored frontispiece from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1658 edition from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Bancroft was an English physician who lived for many years in South America. He noted the transmission of yaws by flies (p. 385 of his book). Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Castellani demonstrated in scrapings of yaws tissue a spirochaete, T. pertenue, later found to be the causal organism. He thus finally established it as a distinct organism from the syphilis spirochaete. Preliminary note in J. Ceylon. Br. Brit. med. Ass., 1905, 2, pt. 1, 54.

Independently of Castellani (No. 5306) Wellmann discovered Treponema pertenue.

"In addition to being an author, Wellman was also a doctor of tropical medicine, scientist, administrator, artist, educator, spy, and engineer. Writing under the pen names Cyril Kay-Scott and Richard Irving Carson, Wellman composed plays, novels, short stories, and poems, all of which are represented in the collection. In addition, there is correspondence, exhibition catalogs, Wellman's autobiography, and a watercolor by Wellman. Already on his second marriage and with four children, Wellman eloped with writer Elsie Dunn (1893-1963). They fled the country and changed their names to Cyril Kay-Scott and Evelyn Scott. After living in Brazil and later returning to the United States, Wellman had a career as an art teacher, a museum director, and upon retiring, wrote his autobiography"  (https://specialcollections.tulane.edu/archon/?p=collections/controlcard&id=607, accessed 03-2018).

A monkey was first infected and from it the infection was transmitted to a rabbit.

B. Saenz, J. Grau Triana, and J. Alfonso Armenteros indicated that pinta is caused by a treponeme, T. carateum.

“Perhaps the most scholarly investigation of the origin of syphilis” (Wesley Spink).

Over 1,700 items.

Rutty kept continuous records of weather and diseases in Dublin from 1724-64. On page 75 of this work is the first clear description of relapsing fever. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The epidemic of relapsing fever in Edinburgh in 1843 was well described by Cormack. He was first editor of the Association Medical Journal which later became the British Medical Journal.

Relapsing fever was given its name by Craigie, in his description of the Edinburgh epidemic.

Henderson, professor of pathology at Edinburgh, gave a good account of relapsing fever seen during the epidemic in 1843. He was one of the first to differentiate it from typhus.

Silliau gave a good account of the epidemic of relapsing fever at Réunion, 1865. He showed the contagious nature of the disease.

Parry called attention to infection from articles of clothing worn by victims of the epidemic of relapsing fever in Philadelphia in 1869.

Discovery (in 1868) of Borrelia recurrentis, causative agent in relapsing fever.

By inoculating healthy subjects with blood of patients suffering from replapsing fever, and producing the fever in the former, Mochutkovski demonstrated not only the communicability of the disease but also the specific pathogenic significance of the spirochaete.

Asiatic relapsing fever; original work on this disease by Carter is remembered by the eponym “Carter’s fever” and the name Borrelia carteri. He reproduced the disease in the monkey.

Ross and Milne discovered the causative agent in the African variety of relapsing (tick) fever.

Independently of Ross and Milne, Dutton and Todd demonstrated relapsing fever in monkeys conveyed by infected ticks, Omithodorus moubata. The organism was named Sp. (now Borrelia) duttoni. Both Dutton and Todd contracted the disease, and the former died of it before the paper was published.

Spirochaete causing the American variety of relapsing fever first isolated. With A. W. Pappenheimer and T. Flournoy.

Novy and Knapp made important observations on the spirochaete isolated by Norris et al. from a case of (American) relapsing fever, proving it to be different from Borrelia obermeieri, sometimes referred to as “Novy’s bacillus”, Borrelia novyi. The above paper includes work on the immunology of the disease.

Proof that relapsing fever is conveyed by the body louse, Pediculus corporis.

First report of rat-bite fever to appear in a medical journal.

Demonstration of Spirillum minus, later shown to be a cause of rat-bite fever. (See also No. 5327).

Salvarsan first used in the treatment of rat-bite fever.

Isolation of Streptothrix (Actinomyces) muris ratti from human patients bitten by rats.

K. Futaki, I. Takaki, T. Taniguchi, and S. Osumi found a spirillum (Sp. morsus muris) in the lymphatic glands and blood stream in cases of rat-bite fever (sodoku).

Robertson proved one of the causal organisms of rat-bite fever to be Sp. morsus muris. He re-named it Spirillum minus Carter, 1887, identifying it as the first spiral micro-organism to be described from a rodent.

“Haverhill fever” first reported. The writers isolated an organism, later found to be identical with Streptothrix muris ratti and Streptobacillus moniliformis. With L. E. Sutton and O. Willner.

A. Lemierre, J. Reilly, A. Laporte, and M. Morin isolated Streptobacillus moniliformis from a case of rat-bite fever.

Marston wrote the first description of Malta fever as a distinct disease. He contracted the disease while serving in the Mediterranean area and described his own case.

Marston was apparently the first to describe “Weil’s disease” (p. 513).

An early account of “Weil’s disease”, Leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica.

In his classic description of Leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica Weil differentiated the disease from other types of acute jaundice. It is better known as “Weil’s disease”.

Stimson discovered a spirochete in the organs of persons dying of (?) yellow fever. He called it Sp. interrogans, but it was almost certainly Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.

Inada, Y. Ido, R. Hoki, R. Kaneko, and H. Ito proved that Sp. (Leptospira) icterohaemorrhagiae is the causal organism in Weil’s disease (Leptospirosis). Preliminary report (in Japanese) in Tokyo Ijishinshi, 1915, No. 1908.

Rats shown to be the carriers of Leptospira. With R. Hoki, H. Ito, and H. Wani.

Discovery of Leptospira hebdomadis, carried by a mouse. With H. Ito and H. Wani.

Leptospira canicola first isolated (1913) from the urine of a dog.

Prophylactic vaccination against leptospirosis.

First reported cases of human infection with L. canicola. With A. Klarenbeek, W. A. P. Schüffner, and J. Voet.

An exhaustive survey of dracontiasis, or guinea worm disease, based on the Arabic writings of Avicenna. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First description of the worm Loa loa. Mongin was a French surgeon working in the West Indies. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Chisholm, "Surgeon to his Majesty's Ordnance in Grenada," was apparently the first to observe the mode of transmission of the Guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis. Chishom was also one of the first to recognize that the yellow fever epidemic of 1793-1794 was caused by some factor brought to the western hemisphere by the Hankey, a ship that had sailed from the west coast of Africa. However, like the rest of his medical peers, Chisholm did not understand that mosquitoes were vectors of the disease. Digital facsimile of the 1795 edition from the Internet Archive at this link. 

In 1801 Chisholm, by then "Inspector-General of the Ordnance Medical Department in the West Indies," issued from London a greatly expanded second edition in two volumes as: An essay on the malignant pestilential fever introduced into the West Indian islands from Boullam, on the coast of Guinea, as it appeared in 1793, 1794, 1795, and 1796. Interspersed with observations and facts, tending to prove that the epidemic existing at Philadelphia, New-York, &c. was the same fever introduced by infection imported from the West India Islands: And illustrated by evidences founded on the state of those islands, and the information of the most eminent practiioners residing on them. 

Digital facsimile of the second edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Description of the calcified cysts of trichinosis in human muscle. (A brief notice with no title).

Hilton described Trichinella spiralis and suggested its parasitic nature.

While a first-year student at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, James Paget discovered trichina in muscle during dissection. Richard Owen, his teacher, named it Trichina spiralis and published an account, barely mentioning Paget. It was renamed Trichinella spiralis in 1896.

Paget communicated his discovery to the Abernethian Society at St. Bartholomew’s on 6 Feb, 1835; an abstract of his paper was published in the Transactions of the society, vol. 2. Paget later recorded the chronology of the discovery in a letter to the Lancet, 1866, 1, 269. This and his unpublished article intended for Lond. med. Gaz., 1835, was reproduced by Kean (No. 2268.1), p. 458-62. The letter was also published in Bull. Hist. Med., 1979, 53, 547.

First description of trichinosis in the pig.

Herbst was the first to demonstrate that an animal eating trichinous flesh would thereby develop trichinae in its own muscles. English translation of part I in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Discovery, in 1851, of Schistosoma haematobium, the parasite of bilharziasis. Bilharz was Professor of Zoology at Cairo. English translation in Rev. infect. Dis., 1984, 4, 727-32, and in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Siebold succeeded in infecting dogs with Taenia echinococcus. Translation by T. H. Huxley Sydenham Society London, 1857.

English translation of 2nd ed. by Edwin Ray Lankester as On animal and vegetable parasites of the human body: A manual of their natural history, diagnosis, and treatment. 2 vols. London: Sydenham Society, 1857. Digital facsimile of the 1855 edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link, of the English translation at this link.

The intestinal and muscular forms of trichinosis were first noted by Zenker, who established their connection with the disease. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Leuckart provided an articulate and detailed description of Trichinella spiralis.

Includes the first complete and accurate account of the life history and morphology of Taenia echinococcus. Leuckart proved the relationship between hydatid cysts and minute tape-worms in dogs. English translation, Edinburgh, 1886. Digital facsimile of the German edition from Google Books at this link; facsimile of the English translation at this link.

First confirmed diagnosis of trichinosis in a living person.

In 1874, while examining skin snips from craw-craw patients in Ghana, during his service on the H. M. S. Decoy, the Irish surgeon O’Neill discovered the subcutaneous microfilaria. This was the earliest known visual identification of the O. volvulus parasite, fifty years before the worm was linked with blindness (onchocerciasis). In May 2015 O'Neill's paper could be read at this link.

Normond found Strongyloides stercoralis, the causal parasite in strongyloidiasis. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

First detailed description.

Description of the embryonic stage of Wuchereria bancrofti in hydrocele fluid.

Cobbold suggested (p. 36) that a mollusc was the intermediate host in bilharziasis.

Like Cobbold, Harley expressed the view that a mollusc was the intermediate host in bilharziasis.

In 1866 Wucherer saw the embryo form of the filaria worm. Later the name Wuchereria bancrofti was applied to it. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Fedchenko, a Russian naturalist and explorer of central Asia, elucidated the life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis, the parasite of dracunculiasis. He discovered its means of transmission via copepod intermediate hosts. English translation in Amer. J. Med., 1971, 20, 511-23, and in Kean (No. 2268.1) pp. 426-34.

Independently of Demarquay (No. 5344.3) and Wucherer (No. 5344.6), Lewis found microfilariae in the urine and blood in chyluria. He was first to use the term Filaria sanguinis hominis for the parasite.

First complete description of Chlonorchis sinensis.

Manson showed that Wuchereria bancrofti, the cause of filarial elephantiasis in man, develops in, and is transmitted by, the Culex mosquito. This was the first proof that infective diseases are spread by animal vectors. See also his later paper in J. Linnean Soc., 1878 (Zool.), 14, 304-11.

Discovery (1876) of Wuchereria bancrofti. Bancroft’s first report on this was in the form of a letter to T. S. Cobbold, who published it in Lancet, 1877, 2, 70-71.

Description of the ova of Paragonimus (which Baelz named Gregarina pulmonalis) and its relationship to endemic hemoptysis. Translation in Kean (No. 2268.1), p. 602.

Manson made a fundamental contribution to knowledge on paragonimiasis with his description of its etiology and of the parasite. He named it Distoma ringeri after Dr. Ringer, who recovered it from the lung at necropsy; it was later named Paragonimus ringeri. Reproduced in Kean (No. 2268.1), p. 603.

Manson reported that the changes he had observed in ingested filariae took place in the mosquito thorax, not in the stomach as previously thought.

Thomas succeeded in transmitting Taenia echinococcus to the dog from human sources.

First detailed description of Loa loa. See also Trans. ophthal. Soc. U.K., 1897, 17, 227-32.

Robertson first briefly mentioned this procedure and the Loa Loa worm in a brief article written for him by the editor of Lancet, entitled "Filaria loa - Tuberculous keratitis - Equatorial rupture of the chorid - Cataract", Lancet, October 27, Vol. 2 for 1894, 977-978. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for the 1894 reference.)

Brown pointed out the occurrence of eosinophilia in trichinosis. A preliminary communication upon the subject, by W. S. Thayer, was published in C. R. XII Congr. int. Med., Moscou, 1897, 126-31.

Demonstration of the complete chain of filarial infection from man-to-mosquito-to-man.

First description of Schistosoma japonicum. Translation in Kean (No. 2368.1), p. 518.

“Symmers’s fibrosis”, pipe stem fibrosis of the liver, occurring in cases of certain forms of schistosomiasis.

Precipitin reaction for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.

Fujinami and Nakamura identified the intermediate host of S. japonicum. Abstract in Arch. Schiffs-u. Tropenhyg., 1908, 12,471. Later (1909, 6, 224-52) they demonstrated that infection occurred by skin penetration. English translation of 1909 paper in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Miyairi and Suzuki confirmed that snails are the intermediate hosts of S. japonicum, and their paper completed the description of the life cycle from ova to snail intermediate host. Translation in Kean (No. 2268.1), p. 532.

Experimental demonstration, on pp. 14-16, of the complete life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis, the parasite causing Dracunculiasis, popularly known as Guinea-worm disease.

Leiper identified the snail responsible for the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium.

First paper in English giving a detailed account of the development of S. japonicum in the snail and its subsequent development in man. Atkinson, a surgeon in the Royal Navy, was a member of Scott’s Antarctic expedition. He was in command of the expedition's base at Cape Evans for much of 1912, and led the party which found the tent containing the bodies of Scott, "Birdie" Bowers and Edward Wilson. Atkinson was subsequently associated with two controversies: that relating to Scott's orders concerning the use of dogs, and that relating to the possible incidence of scurvy in the polar party. 

Introduction of tartar emetic (antimony) in the treatment of schistosomiasis.

The fly Simulium damnosum shown to be the vector of onchocerciasis.

Dew’s book remains the authoritative source. His many contributions to the knowledge of hydatid disease are summarized in it.

Intradermal test for trichinosis.

Lucanthone hydrochloride (Miracil D). With R. Gönnert and H. Mauss.

Proof of antifilarial action of diethylcarbarmazine citrate (hetrazan). With S. Kushner, H. W. Stewart, E. White, W. S. Wallace, and Y. Subbarow.

First effective chemotherapy (suramin) for onchocerciasis.  With C. Heurard, E. Peel, and M. Wanson.

Lucanthone. With five co-authors.

Introduction of niridazole (Ambilhar).

Oxamniquinine.

Continues and supplements No. 5352.

Publication No. 242.

South Pacific Commission Technical Papers, Nos. 65, 88, 109 (and Supplement), 124, and 160.

Continues and supplements Nos. 5352 and 5352.1

Includes 384 core references and bibliography (without abstracts) covering 1963-72.

Dubini first found the hookworm of ankylostomiasis in 1838. His account of 1843, describing it, named it Agchylostoma duodenale, a name etymologically erroneous. Partial English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Siebold classified the hookworm as belonging to the Strongyloidae (pp. 220-21).

Griesinger connected the worm of ankylostomiasis with Egyptian chlorosis, a condition in which the worm had previously been noted without its being considered the causal agent (pp. 555-61). Apparently Bilharz in 1853 came to the same conclusion. The disease was for a time called “Griesinger’s disease”. Partial English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Wucherer confirmed Griesinger’s conclusion that the cause of tropical anemia was hookworm infestation. See also the same journal, 1869, 3, 170-72, 183-84, 198-200. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Fecal diagnosis of hookworm disease. Before this time hookworm had been diagnosed only post mortem. With C. Parona and E. Parona. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Introduction of thymol as a hookworm vermifuge.

Leidy found the hookworm in the cat and suggested that it might also be found in man as a cause of pernicious anemia.

First recognition of ankylostomiasis in America. It had previously been reported and described under various names.

Looss elucidated the life cycle and mode of transmission of the hookworm. See also No. 5365. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Looss discovered that hookworms can penetrate the skin; he himself became infected when hookworm culture accidentally spilled on his hands. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

While a medical officer in the tea plantations in Assam, India, Bentley demonstrated the mode of entry of Ankylostoma into the body.

Discovery of the American species of hookworm, afterward re-named Necator americanus. It was later believed to have originated in Africa, being brought over by slaves.

Vols. 3 and 4 of Records of the School of Medicine, Cairo. In 1898 Looss discovered that hookworm larvae can penetrate the skin. His monograph epitomized all knowledge of the condition to 1911.

Includes reprints of Perroncito’s earlier papers. He insisted on the parasitic origin of the disease as it occurred among the St. Gotthard tunnellers in 1880, and he introduced Felix mas as a vermifuge against hookworm.

Schüffner and Vervoort introduced oil of chenopodium for the treatment of ankylostomiasis as early as 1900.

Introduction of the carbon tetrachloride treatment of ankylostomiasis.

Contains 5,680 references to all aspects of hookworm disease, prefaced by a short history. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Includes (cap. XXXVI) an early account of typhus, morbus pulicaris. English translation in Major, Classic descriptions of disease, 3rd ed., Springfield: Charles C Thomas, 1945, p. 163.

Though Fracastoro wrote this book more than a century before Leewenhoek invented the microscope, and could only express the theory of contagion in very general terms, this book represents a landmark in the development of ideas that centuries later led to the work of Bassi, Henle, Davaine, Koch, and others. For that reason we have classified Fracastoro as a precursor of foundational theories of infectious disease by microorganisms.

Fracastoro was the first to state the germ theory of infection. He suggested the contagiousness of tuberculosis. Haeser even describes him as the “founder of scientific epidemiology”. This book, which contains one of the first accounts of typhus (pp. 43-44), marks an epoch in the history of medicine, since Fracastorius enunciated in it, perhaps for the first time, the modern doctrine of the specific characters and infectious nature of fevers. He is remembered for his poem on syphilis, but he was also eminent as a physicist, geologist, astronomer, and pathologist. An English translation by W. C. Wright appeared in 1930. 

Opera medicinalia was the first medical book printed in the Western Hemisphere, and its botanical images were the first illustrations of plants printed in the Western Hemisphere. Of the original edition only two copies are known, of which the only complete copy is at the La Biblioteca José María Lafragua at the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico. In 1862 American bookseller and bibliographer Henry Stevens purchased an incomplete copy at an auction sale of the library of collector/dealer/book thief Guglielmo Libri in London. This he resold to the American collector James Lennox. The Lennox copy is preserved in the New York Public Library. In 1970 London antiquarian booksellers Dawsons of Pall issued a facsimile of the complete Universidad de Puebla copy with a companion volume of commentary by Francisco Guerra.

"Opera Medicinalia consists of a set of treatises on various medical topics including a long discourse on a disease called “tabardete,” which may have been typhus, citing works on the topic by earlier Arab and Greek physicians. Typhus is a disease spread by lice, and was common on board ships crossing the Atlantic during the colonial period. Also included in the book is a long treatise in the form of a dialog on bloodletting accompanied by a simplistic woodcut of the venous system inspired by Andreas Vesalius’ Epistle [on Venesection], printed in Basel in 1539. Bravo also included a long discussion of the sarsaparilla plant (Smilax aspera), native to North America, including Mexico, whose roots were thought to cure a number of ailments. The book includes two woodcut illustrations of the plant by Juan Ortiz which were based upon illustrations from Pietro Mattioli’s Commentaries on Dioscorides (Commentarii… De Materia Medica) published in Venice in 1554. The fact that Bravo’s book was written in Latin, shows that it was aimed at a scholarly audience rather than the general public" (https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/29/the-first-medical-book-printed-in-the-new-world/, accessed 02-2017).

Digital facsimile of the 1570 edition from primeroslibros.org at this link.

Portions of the book have been translated into Spanish as: 

BRAVO, Francisco, (ca 1525-1595) Observations on the raicilla, which in the indigenous language they call zarzaparrilla / Francisco Bravo Puebla; Preliminary study, translation into Spanish and notes by José Gaspar Rodolfo Cortés Riveroll; Paleography and biographies of Rodolfo Cortés Madrazo. Puebla, México: Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla, Faculty of Medicine, 2011, 175 p., ISBN 978-607-487-326-9 [ View the full text of this work in PDF format ]

BRAVO, Francisco, (ca 1525-1595) On venosection in pleuritis and in general of other inflammations of the body / Francisco Bravo Puebla; Preliminary study, translation into Castilian and notes of Jose Gaspar Rodolfo Cortés Riveroll. Puebla, Mexico: Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla, Faculty of Medicine, Dirección de Fomento Editorial, 2008, 206 p., ISBN 978-968-9391-408 [ View full text of this work in PDF format ]

Coytard distinguished between petechial typhus and typhoid.

Pp. 49-51: Cober, a German physician, reported the relationship between typhus and pediculosis.

Pringle was a strong advocate of better ventilation in prisons and hospitals as a means of preventing typhus, which he showed to be identical with “hospital fever”.

Hildenbrand gave a classic description of typhus. The French literature sometimes refers to the condition as “Hildenbrand’s disease”. English translation by S. D. Gross, 1829.

Virchow was instrumental in introducing into Germany an epidemiology based on the study of multiple factors – sociological as well as bacteriological. In the above report on the reappearance of typhus in Berlin and East Prussia, he showed the connection between famine conditions and typhus outbreaks and strongly emphasized the social element in the generation of typhus. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. English translation, as On famine fever and some of the other cognate forms of typhus. A lecture for the benefit of the sufferers in East-Prussia. London: Williams and Norgate, 1868. Digital facsimile of the English translation from wellcomelibrary.org at this link.

Early scientific account of tsutsugamushi fever.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever first described.

Ricketts (who himself died of typhus) demonstrated that the wood tick Dermacentor andersoni is a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Description of the causal organism, in blood smears.

Ricketts and Wilder differentiated Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus.

Demonstration of the causal organism of typhus.

The reaction described by Wilson was later developed by Weil and Felix and named after them (see No. 5390). See also the paper by Wilson in J. Hyg., 1920, 19, 115-30.

“Brill’s disease” – recrudescent typhus; first description.

First description of fievre boutonneuse, a form of tick-borne typhus found in Tunisia.

Nicolle demonstrated the transmission of typhus by the body louse Pediculus corporis. He also produced the disease in monkeys and guinea-pigs by the injection of infected blood. Preliminary communication in C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 1909, 149, 486-89.

In 1928 Nicolle was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery that typhus is transmitted by the body louse."

Prowazek, like Ricketts and Wilder, demonstrated the specific causal agent in typhus. Like Ricketts he died of the disease.

First reported case of “trench fever”.

In this paper trench fever is so named for the first time.

His encountered a form of “trench fever” in Volhynia, Russia, and named it after that district.

Rickettsia prowazeki, cause of epidemic typhus, was first isolated by the Brazilian microbiologist Henrique da Rocha-Lima, who named it after Ricketts and Prowazek, both of whom died of the disease.

Isolation of Rickettsia quintana (now called Bartonella quintana) from lice found on patients suffering from trench fever.

Weil-Felix reaction for the diagnosis of typhus. See also the later paper in the same journal, 1916, 29, 974-78.

In his important aetiological and pathological studies of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Wolbach mentioned the causal agent Dermacentroxenus rickettsi.

Isolation of Rickettsia prowazeki from the blood. With S. A. Ritter and G. Baehr.

The carefully controlled experiments of Wolbach, Todd, and Palfrey eliminated all doubt that R. prowazeki was the causal agent in typhus. Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Bull. Inst. med. Res., F. M. S., No. 2. Drew attention to scrub typhus in Malaya.

Bull. Inst. Med. Res., F. M. S., 1926, No. 1. Demonstration that scrub-typhus patients developed agglutinins against the OX-K strain of B. proteus but not the OX-19 strain.

Maxcy described murine (flea-borne) typhus (“Maxcy’s disease”).

Mooser differentiated murine from epidemic typhus. The causative organism was later named Rickettsia mooseri.

Murine typhus shown to be caused by an organism later named Rickettsia mooseri, transmitted by fleas from rats to man. With A. Rumreich and L. F. Badger.

Ogata isolated the causal agent of tsutsugamushi disease, Orientia Tsutsugamushi,  in 1927.

Zinsser advanced the theory that Brill’s disease is a recrudescence of epidemic typhus in persons who have contracted the typhus some time previously. The condition has subsequently been renamed “Brill-Zinsser disease”.

First account of “Q” (query) fever. See also No. 5398.

Discovery of Rickettsia burneti, causal agent in Q fever.

Typhus vaccine.

Lewthwaite and Savoor showed scrub typhus to be identical to tsutsugamushi fever.

With J. C. Snyder, E. S. Murray, C. J. D. Zarafonetis, and R. S. Ecke.

Scrub-typhus vaccine.