Bell was the first to differentiate between gonorrhoea and syphilis.

“Colles’s law” is stated on. p. 304. Colles introduced small doses of mercury in the treatment of syphilis. He was Professor of Surgery at Dublin.

Includes the description of “Ricord’s chancre”, the initial lesion in syphilis. Ricord re-demonstrated the specific character of syphilis and divided it into the three stages, primary, secondary, and tertiary. 

Repeating John Hunter’s experiment, Ricord proved that syphilis and gonorrhoea were separate diseases. After Hunter, he was the greatest authority on venereal disease. 

The first of several English translations appeared in 1842.

Bassereau defined chancroid clearly for the first time.

Rollet recognized the possibility of mixed infection of one sore with syphilis and chancroid, thus establishing the dualist theory of venereal infection. The mixed chancre is named “Rollet’s disease”.

MacLeod was first to draw attention to granuloma inguinale.

Announcement of the discovery of Haemophilus ducreyi (Ducrey’s bacillus), causal organism in chancroid.

Granuloma inguinale distinguished from other similar lesions in the genital region.

First description of Trichomonas vaginalis, which Donné at first believed to be the pernicious agent in gonorrhoea. He later recognized that the organism is a normal inhabitant of the female genital tract. By this work Donné was the first to describe living organisms in pathological conditions, as observed by modern methods. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Discovery of the gonococcus – causal organism in gonorrhoea.

Leistikow was first to report the cultivation of the gonococcus.

Bumm cultured the gonococcus. By human inoculations he demonstrated its pathogenicity in pure culture.

The gonococcus shown to be the cause of vulvovaginitis in children.

Thayer and Blumer found the gonococcus in cases of gonorrheal endocarditis.

“Müller–Oppenheim reaction” – a complement fixation test for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.

Levaditi and Vaisman showed that sulfanilamide protected mice against gonococcal infection.

With E. N. Cook and L. Thompson.

On p. 371 commences the first description of lymphogranuloma venereum, which Wallace called “indolent primary syphilitic bubo”.

Huguier gave the name esthiomène to the characteristic induration and discoloration of the affected parts in lymphogranuloma venereum.

First important description. Sometimes called “Nicolas–Favre disease” and “Nicolas–Durand–Favre disease”.

The Frei skin test for the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

Gay Prieto was the first actually to see the infective agent of lymphogranuloma venereum.

The authors transmitted lymphogranuloma venereum to animals and attributed it to a virus. See also C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1931, 106, 802-03.

In this exhaustive review of the literature, Stannus considered all the conditions he discussed to be different manifestations of infection by the same organisms – the agent causing lymphogranuloma venereum. Includes historical summary and full bibliography.

Diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum by complement-fixation test. With G. W. Rake and M. F. Shaffer.

Vesicular test for diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

Skin-test antigen. With C. F. Barwell, E. J. King, and L. W. J. Bishop.

Reprinted Nieuwkoop, De Graaf 1966.

Vol. 1. Alterthum und Mittelalter. Vol. 2. Neuzeit.

Hippocrates may be regarded as the first malariologist; he clearly and fully described the intermittent fevers; he was acquainted with seasonal and topographical variations in the distribution of malaria; and he recognized an association between marshes and fevers.

First extensive account of malaria.

A defence of the virtues of Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark (cinchona, chinchona), the most celebrated specific remedy for malaria. It was obtained from the bark of several species of the genus Cinchona, of the Rubiaceae family, indigenous to the Western Andes mountains. Other terms referring to this preparation and its source were "Jesuit's Tree", "Jesuit's Powder" and "Pulvis Patrum". Bado includes evidence to show that “fever bark” was introduced into Spain in 1632. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Torti’s work finally established the specific nature of cinchona bark. His demonstration of its effectiveness in periodic over continuous fevers finally overthrew the doctrine of the common origin of all fevers. He is also credited with the introduction of the term “malaria”.

Lancisi suggested that since malaria disappears after drainage it was due to some sort of poison emanating from marshes and possibly transmitted by mosquitoes. He planned a drainage scheme for marshy regions. His work included an early effort at medical cartography-- a map of the area between the gulfs of Astura and Terracina, south-southeast from Rome which identified twenty-six forested quarters ("quarti delle selve") and four ruined lands ("terre dirute").  The map also included directions of the major winds. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Isolation of quinine.

Although Hensinger in 1844 had suggested a parasite as the cause of malaria, Mitchell was the first to approach this theory in a scientific spirit. He was Professor of Medicine at Jefferson College, and the father of S. Weir Mitchell.

This classical contribution to the social / medical history of North America includes the most important work on the natural history of malaria published up to that time. Digital facsimile of vol. 1 from the Internet Archive at this link. Vol. 2 was posthumously published as 2nd series, edited by S. Hanbury Smith & F. G. Smith, Philadelphia, 1854. Digital facsimile of vol. 2 from Google Books at this link.

An important description of blackwater fever. Berenger-Féraud had experience with the disease in French West Africa.

Laveran first saw the malaria parasite on 20 October 1880; he at once recognized its significance. He named it Oscillaria malariae. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1). Laveran also published a monograph on the discovery: Nature parasitaire des accidents de l’impaludisme. Description d’un nouveau parasite trouvé dans le sang…Paris: Baillière, 1881. See also his "Note sur un nouveau parasite trouvé dans le sang de plusieurs maladies atteints de fièvre palustre," Bulletin de l’Académie de Médicine, 2^nd Series. 9 (1880) 1235-1236. 

English translations in Paludism. Translated by J.W. Martin. London: New Sydenham Society, 1893.

In 1907 Laveran was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases."

The first reasoned argument in support of the belief of transmission of malaria by mosquitoes. King was an English-born American physician who witnessed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April, 1865, and as a bystander physician he was pressed into service during the assassination. He was also one of a few physicians who served in both the Confederate States Army and the United States Army during the American Civil War. Reproduced in part in Major, Classic descriptions of disease, 3rd ed., 1945, p. 104. Full text  of King's 1883 paper from Wikisource at this link.

First accurate description of the malaria Plasmodium, discovered by Laveran in 1880. These writers were the first to adopt the name P. malariae.

Discovery of malaria parasites in birds. See also Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1890, 4, 427-31.

Description of the development of the parasite of quartan malaria. Golgi differentiated the tertian and quartan parasites by the periods of their respective developments.

Golgi showed that the parasite of quartan differs from that of tertian malarial fever. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Canalis demonstrated and clearly differentiated Plasmodium falciparum from the species vivax and malariae.

Confirmation of the work of Laveran.

Guttmann and Ehrlich demonstrated methylene blue to be lethal in vitro for the malaria parasite – the beginning of Ehrlich’s work on chemotherapy.

Romanovsky made important studies of the malaria parasite and introduced a special stain for its demonstration. German version in St. Petersburger med. Wschr., 1891, 8, 297-302, 306-15. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

French translation in Arch. ital. Biol., 1892, 17, 456-71.

A summary of the Italian work on malaria. English translation, 1894.

Manson’s mosquito–malaria hypothesis. See also his Gulstonian Lectures in Lancet, 1896, 1, 695-98, 751-55, 831-33.

MacCallum reported at a meeting of the British Association his observation of the mode of fertilization of the malarial parasite of birds; two months later he announced that he had found the same to hold good for the human parasite.

Ross proved that the mosquito was responsible for the transmission of malaria. On 20 August 1897, he found Laveran’s Plasmodium in the stomach of the Anopheles mosquito after it had fed on the blood of malaria patients. See also the earlier paper in the same journal, 1897, 1, 251-55.

In 1902 Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it."  See also 5251.

Demonstration of sexual conjugation in the malaria parasite. See also No. 5250.

MacCallum and Opie discovered the sexual phase of malaria parasites.

Ross provided the last link in the chain demonstrating the complete life-cycle of the parasite of bird malaria. He found that mosquitoes which had fed on malaria-infected birds, and which had allowed the parasites to develop and lodge in their salivary glands, could then infect healthy birds, which in turn became malarious. See also 5247.

Grassi and Bignami showed that the Plasmodium undergoes its sexual phase only in the Anopheles mosquito.

Includes the best illustrations of the various stages of the malaria parasite published up to that time.

In a classic demonstration Manson allowed infected mosquitoes from Rome to bite a volunteer (his son) in London, who developed malaria 15 days later with tertian parasites in the blood, and who was cured by quinine.

“Leishman’s stain”, a modification of that introduced by Romanovsky in 1891.

Confirmation of the work of Ross and of Grassi.

Demonstration of the existence of malarial carriers.

Cultivation of the malaria parasite.

Plasmodium ovale described.

Introduction of plasmoquine (pamaquin) in the treatment of malaria.

Clinical trials of pamaquin.

Introduction of atebrin (mepacrine, quinacrine).

The term “exo-erythrocytic stage” introduced to describe the unpigmented schizonts found in tissue cells. The parasite Plasmodium gallincaceum described by Alexandre Joseph Emile Brumpt causes malaria in poultry.

Discovery of the developmental forms of P. gallinaceum in the incubation period.

Independently of Mudrow, H. E. Shortt, K. P. Menon, and P. V. Seetharama Iyer found pre-erythrocytic forms of P. gallinaceum in the tissues.

First detailed account of the full cycle of development of the avian malaria parasite P. gallinaceum.

F. H. S. Curd, D. G. Davey, and F. L. Rose synthesized proguanil (“paludrine”) and first tested it in avian malaria.

First use of proguanil in human malaria. With B. G. Maegraith, J. D. King, R. H. Townsend, T. H. Davey, and R. E. Havard.

Harry Most led the development of chloroquine for use in treating American troops suffering from malaria. At the beginning of the American involvement in the war there were more American casualties from malaria than from enemy fire, but by the end of the campaign in the Pacific, at least partly because of the administration of chloroquine, malaria was largely under control.

Clinical trials of chloroquine. With  Charles A. Kane,  Edmund F. Schroeder, and Joseph M. Hayman, Jr. See also J. Amer. med Assoc., 1946, 130, 1069.

Clinical trials of pentaquine. With B. Craige, R. Jones, C. M. Whorton, T. N. Pullman, and L. Eichelberger.

Demonstration of the pre-erythrocytic stage of P. cynomolgi in the monkey. With P. C. C. Garnham and B. Malamos. Preliminary communication in Nature (Lond.), 1948, 161, 126.

With P. C. C. Garnham, G. Covell, and P. G. Shute.

With N. H. Fairley, G. Covell, P. G. Shute, and P. C. C. Garnham. See also Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1951, 44, 405-19.

Introduction of primaquine.

Preparation and laboratory tests of pyrimethamine. With L. G. Goodwin, G. H. Hutchings, I. M. Rollo, and P. B. Russell.

Pyrimethamine (daraprim).

The view is put forward by the writer that malarial infection was the cause of the decadence of the Greeks. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Reprinted New York, 1977.

Heath Clark Lectures, 1953.

Atkins was an English naval surgeon. His book includes some useful case reports and contains the first English description of African trypanosomiasis.

In his travels in Africa, Winterbottom, physician to the Colony of Sierra Leone (now Republic of Sierra Leone) on the west coast of Africa, saw sleeping sickness, which he described in vol. 2, pp. 29-31, as a species of lethargy. He also noticed that slave-dealers would not buy slaves whose neck glands showed signs of enlargement. Digital facsimile of vol. 1 from the Internet Archive at this link;  digital facsimile of vol. 2 from the Hathi Trust at this link.;

Clarke left a detailed account of African trypanosomiasis; he saw cases of the disease while serving as a colonial surgeon at Sierra Leone, and named it “narcoleptic dropsy”.

Valentin was the first to discover a trypanosome; this was in a salmon. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Gruby discovered trypanosomes in the frog. He first suggested the name “trypanosome” to describe the parasite.

Livingstone gave an accurate account of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans and of the disease in cattle following its bite (see pp. 80-83; picture of the tsetse fly on p. 571). In his time the bite of the fly was thought to be (and perhaps was) harmless to man.

Livingstone was probably the first to administer arsenic for the treatment of “nagana”, a disease of horses caused by trypanosomes. This followed a suggestion by James Braid. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

First description of a trypanosome (T. lewisi) in a mammal. Seoarate edition in book form with the same title: Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1879.

While serving in India as a veterinary surgeon, Evans discovered parasites in the blood of horses suffering from surra; this was the first pathogenic trypanosome to be described.

Nepveu, whilst in Algeria, was the first to see trypanosomes in human blood.

In 1895 Bruce found that nagana, the tsetse fly disease of Zululand, was due to a trypanosome (T. brucei). He described a hematozoon in the blood of the affected animals that had not been previously described.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

In 1901 Forde saw (but did not at first recognize as such) trypanosomes in the blood of a patient in Gambia. (See No. 5275.)

Dutton was the first to recognize human trypanosomiasis. He saw Forde’s patient (see No. 5274) and named the trypanosome T. gambiense. Sleeping sickness itself has been referred to as “Dutton’s disease”. The first announcement was in the form of a telegram to Ronald Ross, published in Brit. med. J., 1902, 1, 42.

While in Uganda, Castellani discovered T. gambiense in human cerebrospinal fluid. A paper in Notes Rec. roy. Soc., 1973, 23, 93-110, discounts Castellani’s claim that although he first discovered trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients, he failed to appreciate the etiological significance of this until it was brought home to him by Sir David Bruce.

Bruce and D.N. Nabarro were sent to Africa by the Royal Society to study sleeping sickness, and in their report they showed that the tsetse fly was the vector of trypanosomiasis. They also found that Gambia fever and sleeping sickness were two stages of the same infection.

Laveran and Mesnil discovered that trypanosomes could be maintained indefinitely in rats and mice by serial passage.

Thomas and Breinl discovered that arsanilic acid, was more potent in the treatment of laboratory trypanosomiasis than arsenic in inorganic form. As a crystalline powder it was introduced medically as Atoxyl. Thomas and Breinl recommended high doses, given continously for human typanosomiasis. The above is Memoir XVI of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. The drug was soon found to be prohbitively toxic for human use and taken off the market.

Introduction of trypan-blue in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Second paper by Mesnil and Nicolle.

The first account of induced microbial drug resistance. Ehrlich encountered induced drug resistance in microbes while researching arsenical preparations as cures for sleeping sickness and other trypanosome-caused illnesses. His paper, delivered as a lecture on Feb. 13, 1907, “explained how the widely varying stains of trypanosomes, which at first reacted with great sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, gradually became drug resistant and how this property was passed on to their offspring for many generations” (Bäumler, Paul Ehrlich, p. 128). Includes an account of “Trypanrot”, by which Ehrlich succeeded in curing experimental trypanosomiasis. It was his work on this subject which led Ehrlich eventually to the production of Salvarsan. 

Trial of antimony in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Chagas discovered T. cruzi, causal organism in American trypanosomiasis (“Chagas’s disease”). Partial English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Glossina was believed to transmit Trypanosoma mechanically to the new host until Kleine showed that the latter undergoes a developmental cycle in Glossina. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

A study of the action of atoxyl and arsacétine.

T. rhodesiense discovered.

Demonstration of the mode of reproduction of T. cruzi. Text in Portuguese and German. See also the paper by Chagas in pp. 219-75 of the same journal.

Glossina morsitans shown to be the transmitting fly of T. rhodesiense.

Life cycle of T. cruzi described. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Introduction of “Bayer 205” (germanin, suramin, naphuride).

Introduction of tryparsamide in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Introduction of moranyl (“Foumeau 309”).

First attempt to induce prophylaxis by chemical means in trypanosomiasis. With S. Nicolau and I. Galloway.

Wijers showed that the tsetse fly is infected during its first or second blood meal, but not afterwards, information of considerable importance in determining the criteria for the transmission of trypanosomiasis.

Subject index…with additional references and corrections, 1910.

Supplement to Trop. Dis. Bull., vol. 67.

Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, Special Publication No. 2.

Includes (Chap, iv) a good account of “Aleppo boil”, which Russell found to be endemic in Aleppo. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Important description of “Aleppo boil”, furunculosis orientalis.

Kala azar is mentioned briefly in the Proceedings in 1869 (No. 34, p. 19) but the above is the first full description, given by Briscoe in a report dated 1 Dec 1869.

Cunningham saw and described bodies in Delhi boil; these were almost certainly Leishman–Donovan bodies.

“Breda’s disease” – Brazilian yaws. English translation New Sydenham Society, 1897.

First description of the protozoon later named Leishmania tropica. The paper is in Russian; for a translation, see C. A. Hoare, in Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1938, 32, 78-90.

An organism found by Leishman in 1900 was later described by him as possibly a trypanosome. C. Donovan found the same organism in blood in July 1903. The name Leishmania donovani (Leishman-Donovan bodies) was later attached to these organisms.

Leishimania donovani,  independently discovered by two British medical officers William Boog Leishman in Netley, England, and Donovan in Madras, India, in 1903. However, the correct taxonomy was provided by Ronald Ross. See No. 5295 and Med. Hist., 1983, 27, 203-13.

Wright found Leishmania tropica in Delhi sore. He was unaware of Borovskii’s paper (No. 5294).

Rogers demonstrated the Leishman–Donovan bodies in kala-azar. See also the same journal, 1904, 2, 645-50. At about the same time Bentley reported similar findings in India.

Muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis of South America. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).