The authors mentioned in a footnote added at the end of the paper that "A specific ELISA test with total LAV proteins detects LAV-speciic antibodies in 95% of LAS patients and 70-95% of AIDS depending on the risk group and the stage of the disease."  This was the first announcement of the development of the ELISA HIV/AIDS antibody test. This remains the first test for HIV/AIDs given to patients who show signs of the disease.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Kalytanaraman, Cabradilla,...Barré-Sinousi, Montagnier....).

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Perlmann (principal investigator) and Engvall conceptualized and developed the very commonly used enzyme-lined immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses antibodies to detect proteins and other different immunogens. The assay uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured. 

Hutton, a physician who specialized in mental and nervous disorders, began working with the Scottish Women’s Hospitals, a voluntary organisation established by her older colleague Elsie Inglis, in 1915 first in France, and then in the east, where she ran field hospitals, eventually accompanying the Serbian army in its advance in 1918. Hutton was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Serbia's highest award.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

"The materials of the first five chapters were collected by an experienced historian in the employ of the publishers"--Pref. 2nd ed; 1977, identifies as Burton Alva Konkle. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Martinez de Castrillo's second book on dentistry was based on richer clinical and therapeutic experience, and had a great influence in Spain for almost a century. It was partially copied or summarized by doctors, surgeons, and even by non-medical authors. 

Digital text from Early English Books Online at this link.

Order of authorship of the original set: H. W. Florey, Chain, Heatley, Jennings, Sanders, Abraham, M. E. Florey.

Printed on the title page: "This volume, although a separate publication, is a continuation of the work described in Antibiotics Volumes I and II, and may be read in conjunction with it."
(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference.)

Latin text with French translation.

Original edition limited to 200 copies. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First printed edition of an herbal written circa 1287 by Rufinus, a medieval monk / physician unknown before this edition. Rufinus was titular abbot in absentia of the monastery of Tyre, and plenipotentiary to the archbishop of Genoa. His original manuscript did not survive, and the copy used by Thorndike, Ashburnham 189 in the Laurentian Library in Florence, is the only surviving copy.

Znamensky, professor of stomatology in Moscow, had a very clear understanding of periodontitis, and the interaction of local and systemic factors in its etiology. He presented the first description of the histopathology of periodontal disease, and demonstrated the close association between calculus, the inflammatory response, and the migration of the epithelial attachment to produce the periodontal pocket. Very little information about Znamensky appears to be available in the western literature, his first and middle names are only recorded as initials.

Gottlieb was "the major periodontal investigator of the early 20th century. He extended the histopathologic studies of Znamensky.... His major contributions were in the nature of the epithelial attachment to the tooth and its apical migration as a manifestation of inflammatory periodontal disease, the biology of cementum, and its role in periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, and active and passive tooth eruption" (Shklar and Chernin, Sourcebook of dental medicine (2002) 678.)

This work included a 60-page chapter on bacterial inhibition by molds and antibiosis, with several hundred historical references. It appeared one year before Fleming's landmark paper.

This was the only book that Fleming ever published on penicillin. American issue, Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1946.

"One of the key themes of the Enlightenment was the search for universal laws and truths that would help illuminate the workings of the universe. It is in such attitudes that we trace the origins of modern science and medicine. However, not all eighteenth century scientists and physicians believed that such universal laws could be found, particularly in relation to the differences between living and inanimate matter. From the 1740s physicians working in the University of Medicine of Montpellier began to contest Descartes's dualist concept of the body-machine that was being championed by leading Parisian medical 'mechanists'. In place of the body-machine perspective that sought laws universally valid for all phenomena, the vitalists postulated a distinction being living and other matter, offering a holistic understanding of the physical-moral relation in place of mind-body dualism. Their medicine was not based on mathematics and the unity of the sciences, but on observation of the individual patient and the harmonious activities of the 'body-economy'. Vitalists believed that Illness was a result of disharmony in this 'body-economy' which could only be remedied on an individual level depending on the patient's own 'natural' limitations. The limitations were established by a myriad of factors such as sex, class, age, temperament, region, and race, which negated the use of a single universal treatment for a particular ailment. Ultimately Montpelier medicine was eclipsed by that of Paris, a development linked to the dynamics of the Enlightenment as a movement bent on cultural centralisation, acquiring a reputation as a kind of anti-science of the exotic and the mad. Given the long-standing Paris-centrism of French cultural history, Montpellier vitalism has never been accorded the attention it deserves by historians" (publisher).

James, it may be assumed, had little or nothing to do with this translation, because copyright between England and France was essentially non-existent at the time. In the process of supervising this large publication, Diderot collaborated with three "philosophes", of which only Busson was a physician. Experience with this publication gave Diderot the idea of undertaking the much larger scale project, the Encyclopédie des sciences.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

This analysis of the work of the leading medieval Arab translator of Greek texts into Arabic emphasizes that Hunayn ibn Ishāq, a Nestorian Christian, typically prepared an intermediary translation into Syriac, from which the texts were translated into Arabic.

The authors, lead by Omura, announced the discovery of Streptomyces avermilitis. They described the structure of avermectin, and reported preliminary observations that this drug is antiparasitic. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Burg, Miller, Baker....Omura.)

In 2015 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 was divided, one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites," and the other half to Tu Youyou "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria."

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Campbell and colleagues reported unprecedented antiparasitic effects of the agent in vivo, and that the "B1a" component of the molecule was most effective as a single oral dose.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Egerton, Oslin, Blair....Campbell.) Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

In 2015 William C. Campbell shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Satoshi Ōmura “for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.” The other half was awarded to Tu Youyou “for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria.”

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Abstract

"Ivermectin is the 22,23-dihydro derivative of avermectin B1, a macrocyclic lactone produced by an actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. It is active at extremely low dosage against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites, apparently by virtue of its action on the mediation of neurotransmission by gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is now in commercial use in various countries for the treatment and control of parasites in cattle, horses, and sheep, and is expected to become available for use in swine and dogs. Since studies with the drug in man are in a preliminary stage, it is not yet known whether ivermectin will be useful in human medicine."

In 2015 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 was divided, one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites," and the other half to Tu Youyou "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria."

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Sheehan and Henery-Logan reported the step by step synthesis of penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) and the cyclization of the beta lactam ring, key to creation of beta-lactam antibiotics.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The National Academy of Sciences arranged for the preparation of this summary, with Clarke and Johnson representing the United States on the editorial board, and Robinson representing Britain. The 1120 page book was prepared by more than 60  biochemists and biophysicists, who described the phases of research to which they contributed the most. Altogether book reported the work of 23 academic, medical, industrial, and government laboratories. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference.)

Hodgkin and colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low, solved the structure of penicillin in 1945, demonstrating, contrary to scientific opinion at the time, that it contains a β-lactam ring. The discovery was originally published by Crowfoot (Hodgkin) and Rogers-Low in 1945 in a classified report (Committee for Protein Synthesis [CPS] report #508). The work was first made public in 1949.

In 1949 Hodgkin and Low published another version of their report in Florey, Chain et al, Antibiotics: A survey, vol. 2, ch. 27, "Structure of the penicillin molecule," pp. 946-951.

Hodgkin used an IBM ‘CPS’ (Card Programmed, electronic Calculator), to perform the extremely complex math/generation/interpretation of the Fourier
synthesis yielding the 3D structure. This use of a programmed electronic punched-card tabulator was a very early use of a programmed device to speed up structure factor computation in x-ray crystallography.

With Charles W. Bunn and Annette Turner-Jones.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Both an historical and a scientific study.

Felix Stern was the leading German specialist in encephalitis lethargica . No national statistics for this disease, first described in Vienna in 1916, were kept in Germany. For this reason, the data collected by Stern at the University Nerve Clinic in Göttingen, both in the first edition of 1922 and the enlarged second edition of 1928, is fundamental as a record of the epidemic that ended in 1926 in Germany. Stern estimated that at least 60,000 people contracted the disease in Germany. 

Parts 2 and 3 are freely available from PubMedCentral at this link, and at this link.

Translated and adapted by K. O. Newman as Encephalitis lethargica its sequelae and treatment. London: Oxford University Press, 1931.

Translated into English by P.G.J. Maquet and R. Furlong as On the centre of gravity of the human body as related to the equipment of the German infantry soldier. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

Translated into English by P. Maquet and R. Furlong as Determination of the moments of intertia of the human body and its limbs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

Translated into English by Ronald J. Furlong and Paul Maquet as Biomechanics of the normal and diseased hip. Theoretical foundation, technique and results of treatment: An atlas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1976.

Probably the first ophthalmic textbook devoted exclusively to parasitic infections, discussing diseases caused by protozoa, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and arthropods.

A general treatise on medical practice.  ISTC No. iv00005800

Identification of the Hepatitis A virus.

In this paper Houghton and colleagues named  “hepatitis C” for the first time. They cloned and isolated the viral RNA genome and demonstrated that a patient who had high antibodies to a ‘native/wild strain’, reacted specifically with the cloned version. In “An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic  virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis,” Science, 244, 362-64, published immediately following in the same issue of Science, Alter and Houghton described the "diagnostic reagents to detect HCV’"mentioned in the first paper.

The discovery of Hepatitis C led to "the rapid development of diagnostic reagents to detect HCV in blood supplies which reduced the risk of acquiring HCV through blood transfusion from one in three to about one in two million. It is estimated that antibody testing has prevented at least 40,000 new infections per year in the US alone and many more worldwide" (Wikipedia article on Michael Houghton (virologist) accessed 5-2020). (Order of authorship in the original publication: Choo, Kuo,Weiner, Overby Bradley, Houghton.)

In 2020 Houghton shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus."

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for additional background on this paper.)

The original paper on LISP, the first programming language designed for symbolic computation, which made the development of artificial intelligence programming possible. Part 2 was never published. Digital text from jmc.stanford.edu at this link.

"Programs with Common Sense was probably the first paper on logical AI, i.e. AI in which logic is the method of representing information in computer memory and not just the subject matter of the program. The paper was given in the Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes in December 1958 and printed in the proceedings of that conference. It may also be the first paper to propose common sense reasoning ability as the key to AI" (http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/mcc59.html).

Available from jmc.stanford.edu at this link.

Rodríguez discovered that three types of the Lactobacillus species of bacteria, during the process of fermentation, are the causes of cavities. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

For the first 100 years after the first aye-aye was brought to Europe from Madagascar in the 1780s, debate persisted over whether it was a rodent, a primate, or most closely related to the kangaroo. Classification of the Aye-Aye remained debatable because of the aye-aye’s odd  combination of behavioral and morphological traits: continuously growing front teeth, batlike ears, a foxlike tail, abdominal mammary glands, claws on most digits, and spindly, dexterous middle fingers. It uses its middle finger to tap along a branch and moves its ears forward and back to help locate hollow channels within the wood created by wood-boring insect larvae. Once it detects a channel, the aye-aye uses its specialized front teeth to pry open the wood and then inserts one of its fingers to extract the larvae.

All of these unique specialized features caught the attention of comparative anatomist Richard Owen who presented the evidence for classifying the Aye-Aye as a primate in this monograph that is beautifully illustrated by Joseph Wolf.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first chapter of this authoritative study is a very detailed historical introduction by William C. Campbell, with a comprehensive bibliography. Campbell also authored Chapter 10: Chemotherapy and Chapter 13: Epidemiology I: Modes of transmission. Chapter 14: Epidemiology II: Geographic distribution and prevalance by Charles W. Kim breaks down coverage to most countries and regions of the world.

Together with William Fitzwilliam (Viscount Milton), Cheadle travelled up the Athabasca River and in 1863 they became the first "tourists" to travel through the Yellowhead Pass. Arriving in Quebec City in July 1862, they travelled across the continent, wintering near Fort Carlton. After a challenging and at times humorous summer they reached Victoria, BC.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Hausen and colleagues showed for the first time that a cancer virus (Epstein-Barr virus) can transform healthy cells (lymphocytes) into cancer cells. This showed that viruses can cause cancer cell formation. (Order of authorship in the original publication: W. Henle, Diehl, Kohn, zur Hausen, G. Henle.)

In 2008 Harold zur Hausen received half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008  "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer." The other half was awarded jointly to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus."

Zur Hausen and colleageus identified HPV 16 DNA in cervical cancer tumors by Southern blot hybridization.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Frazer and Zhou invented and patented the first Papillomavirus vaccine. In 2020 it was marketed  as Gardasil and Cervarix. Developed beginning in 1991, about 20 years after Blumberg and Millman's vaccine against viral hepatitis (1972), this was the second cancer preventing vaccine, and the first vaccine designed to prevent a cancer.

The U.S. application was filed on 19 January 1994, but claimed priority under a 20 July 1992 PCT filing to the date of an initial [AU] Australian patent application filed on 19 July 1991. Patent was granted on 13 January 2009.

"Abstract: A method of providing papilloma virus like particles which may be used for diagnostic purposes or for incorporation in a vaccine for use in related to infections caused by papilloma virus. The method includes an initial step of constructing one or more recombinant DNA molecules which each encode papilloma virus L1 protein or a combination of papilloma virus L1 protein and papilloma virus L2 protein followed by a further step of transfecting a suitable host cell with one or more of the recombinant DNA molecules so that virus like particles (VLPs) are produced within the cell after expression of the L1 or the combination of L1 and L2 proteins. The VLPs are also claimed per se as well as vaccines incorporating the VLPs.

"This book focuses on the entwinement of politics and medicine and power and knowledge in India during the age of empire. Using the powerful metaphor of ‘pathology’ - the science of the origin, nature, and course of diseases - the author develops and challenges a burgeoning literature on colonial medicine, moving beyond discussions of state medicine and the control of epidemics to everyday life, to show how medicine was a fundamental ideology of empire. Related to this point, and engaging with postcolonial histories of biopower and modernity, the book highlights the use of this racially grounded medicine in the formulation of modern selves and subjectivities in late colonial India. In tracing the cultural determinants of biological race theory and contextualizing the understanding of race as pathology, the book demonstrates how racialism was compatible with the ideologies and policies of imperial liberalism" (publisher).

As of 2020 the most comprehensive bibliography on Syriac Medicine that I located online was part of the Comprehensive bibliography on Syriac Christianity in the website of The Center for the Study of Christianity Established by Hubert and Aldegone Brenninkmeije-Werhahn. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. To reach the medical content of this bibliography it is necessary to search under the keyword medicine.

A semi-popular account useful for its surveys of the earliest herbal literature: Egyptian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Greece, Syriac, Arabic, Coptic, Ethiopian (Abyssinian).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This report on sleepwalking concerned Palloni’s treatment of a forty-year old peasant who for nine years would sleepwalk—often going into the fields, carrying his tools along, then returning later to the bed where he slept tranquilly until the waking hour. Palloni considered theories of somnambulism, including Mesmerism, and the impact of sleepwalking on memory and attention.

"...Drawing from a wide range of medical and natural philosophical texts—with an emphasis on treatises that focused on poison, pharmacotherapeutics, plague, and the nature of disease—this study brings to light premodern physicians' debates about the potential existence, nature, and properties of a category of substance theoretically harmful to the human body in even the smallest amount. Focusing on the category of poison (venenum) rather than on specific drugs reframes and remixes the standard histories of toxicology, pharmacology, and etiology, as well as shows how these aspects of medicine (although not yet formalized as independent disciplines) interacted with and shaped one another. Physicians argued, for instance, about what properties might distinguish poison from other substances, how poison injured the human body, the nature of poisonous bodies, and the role of poison in spreading, and to some extent defining, disease...." (publisher).

Begun in 1256, this eight-volume biographical dictionary of Islamic scholarship and literature entitled Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān (وفيات الأعيان وأنباء أبناء الزمان) ('Deaths of Eminent Men and the Sons of the Epoch'), was completed in 1274. Khallikān documented the lives of notable writers, scientists, religious and legal scholars.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Jackson published this biography of his son, James Jackson, Jr. after his son's premature death in 1834. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

This is illustrated with a small cameo portrati of Haller drawn and engraved by William Blake. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"The Swiss polymath Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) was one of the central figures of the century of the Enlightenment. As a poet and scholar, physician and botanist, collector and encyclopaedist, university professor and experimental researcher, society president and correspondent, renowned author and influential reviewer, magistrate and orthodox Christian, he reflects many of the intellectual movements, events, and conditions of his time.

"Interest in Haller as a paradigmatic representative of the 18th Century has grown rapidly over the past years. Recent research has shown a growing awareness of the diverse nature of the Age of Enlightenment and an increasing interest in the functioning of the republic of letters and its interactions with economics, politics, and society. Haller’s rich life and work, his immense and multifaceted body of publications, and the extraordinarily extensive collection of handwritten documents he left at his death offer an ideal starting point for understanding and studying the century in which he lived.

"This website is intended to serve as a platform for all who are interested in Haller and his times. It offers an abundantly illustrated introduction to Haller’s life and work, information about the principal fields of endeavour in which he was engaged, insights into past and present research, and an index of the large body of Haller’s original writings available online."

This website also includes an expansion of the standard bibliography of Haller's writings by Steinke and Profos, as well as links to hundreds of published works by Haller available online.

An early separately published biography of a contributor to the history of the life sciences. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

An early biographical account of Servetus and his martyrdom for heresy, prepared under the direction of Johann Lorenz von Mosheim whose Kaisergeschichte (2 vols, 1746-48) initiated the modern, objective historiography of heresy. Allwoerden's biography of Servetus was the most significant of the studies that revived interest in the 16th century martyr who described the lesser circulation.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Authorship of this early English account of Servetus and his martyrdom for heresy has never been determined, according to Geoffrey Sill, "The authorship of An impartial history of Michael Servetus," Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 87, 303-318. Sill indicates that a very few copies of this work exist with the title page dated 1723. Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.