Marek's disease (fowl paralysis) later named by Peter Biggs, who determined that the disease was caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, and developed the first generation Marek's disease vaccine.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

First edition, 1824. Founded in 1732/33, this institution became known in the 19th century as "Old Blockley" after it moved to the Blockley Township in West Philadelphia. It was renamed Philadelphia General Hospital in 1919; closed in 1977.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Rivinus (Bachmann) introduced the concept of classification of plants based upon the structure of the flower.  He also introduced the ORDER as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus (genus summum)). Rivinus developed and explained his classification system in the following extensively illustrated treatises:

Ordo Plantarum qvae sunt Flore Irregulari Monopetalo. Lipsiae: Typis Christoph. Fleischeri, 1690.
Ordo Plantarum qvae sunt Flore Irregulari Tetrapetalo. Lipsiae: Typis Christoph. Fleischeri, 1691.
Ordo Plantarum qvae sunt Flore Irregulari Pentapetalo. Lipsiae: Typis Joh. Heinrici Richteri, 1699.



Digital facsimile from atena.beic.it at this link.

Auction catalogue of Rivinus's library by Georg Samuel Hermann.  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Chaussier pioneered the practice of forensic medicine in France. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Chaussier introduced a procedure for the revival of near-dead infants. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Magnol invented of the concept of plant families, a natural classification, based on combinations of morphological character.  "In his Prodromus he developed 75 tables, which not only grouped plants into families but also allowed for an easy and rapid identification by means of the morphological characters, the same he used to compose the groups....In 1703 Charles Plumier (1646–1704) named a flowering tree from the island of Martinique Magnolia, after Magnol.^[6] The name was later adopted by William Sherard, when he did the nomenclatural parts of Hortus Elthamensis by Johann Jacob Dillenius, and The Natural History of Carolina by Mark Catesby, to denote a flowering tree now known as Magnolia virginiana, taking it for the same species as that described by Plumier. Linnaeus took over this name in the first edition of Species plantarum, including references to both Plumier's and Sherard's names. In this way, Magnolia became the generally recognized name of a large genus of ornamental flowering trees"
(Wikipedia article on Pierre Magnol, accessed 8-21). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

An illustrated catalogue of plants on display in the Royal Botanical Garden of Montpellier. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Raspail first described and illustrated the Sarcoptes scabei, diffrentiating it from the horse's sarcopt and the cheese moth that Galès and Patrix, followed by Alibert, had confused with the scabies parasite. Raspail published this Memoir following experiments by Simon François Renucci, who was the first to extract the acarus and place it under the microscope in August 1834. Renucci published his discovery after the present publication of Raspail in his inaugural thesis on the discovery of the insect which produces the contagion of scabies, prurigo and phlyzacia. (No. 4027). Renucci's thesis was sustained on April 6, 1835. Raspail illustrated his pamphlet with two plates, the first of which, representing the human scabies or sarcopte, was printed his own drawings. 

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Includes much of Buffon's library, pp. 160-212. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Biography, case records, and annotated list of Ferrari da Gradi's library. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from wellcomelibrary.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Parts 1-6.

"The Kloss library was the most important collection of early printed books ever made by a medical man." (Note by William Osler in Bibliotheca Osleriana No. 7150). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Excludes Sandifort's medical books, which presumably he bequeathed to his son Gerard, who contributed a preface to this catalogue.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Concerns primarily the mammals of China and Tibet. Volume 2 is an atlas of 108 plates. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Based on the collection of the late K. Garth Huston, Sr., this is the first complete annotated bibliographical study of the writings of Sir Kenelm Digby (1603-1665), one of the most celebrated figures in 17th-century English court life, politics, diplomacy naval warfare, science, and bibliophily.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Includes in vols. 2 and 3: Histoire des plantes medecinales qui sont le plus en usage aux royaumes de l'Amerique meridionale, du Perou & du Chily, : composée sur les lieux par ordre du Roy, dans les années 1709. 1710. & 1711.

Originally as Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium. Amsterdam, 1705. The 1719 contains 12 additional plates and corresponding text, 10 provided by the author's daughters from material left at her death, and 2 supplied by Albert Seba; also, a frontispiece was added. There were also editions with text in Latin and French, Latin and Dutch, and Dutch alone. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. Published as Apuntamientos par ala historia natural de los Páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata. 2 vols. Madrid: La Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra, 1802. Digital facsimile of the Spanish edition from Google Books at this link.

"In early eleventh century Zaragoza, the eminent Jewish scholar Abū l-Walīd Marwān ibn Janāḥ wrote a glossary containing almost 1100 entries, entitled Kitāb al-Talkhīṣ. This important text, considered lost until recently, contains Arabic and foreign-language names of simple drugs, weights, measures, and other medical terms. In the present volume, the Kitāb al-Talkhīṣ is edited and translated for the first time by Gerrit Bos and Fabian Käs. In detailed commentaries, the editors identify the substances mentioned in the Talkhīṣ. They also elaborate on the role of the text in the history of Arabic glossaries concerned with medical nomenclature. Special attention is paid to Ibn Janāḥ’s Ibero-Romance phytonyms, analysed in depth by Mailyn Lübke and Guido Mensching" (publisher).

"Rubenfeld and the contributors to this collection posit that German physicians betrayed the Hippocratic Oath when they chose knowledge over wisdom, the state over the individual, a führer over God, and personal gain over professional ethics" (publisher).

https://osler-letters.library.mcgill.ca/about

"About the William Osler Letter Collection

"Sir William Osler (1849-1919) is one of the most renowned and respected physicians in medical history. Born in Bond Head, Ontario in 1849, he studied medicine at McGill University and went on to teach at McGill and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1889 he was one of the "Big Four" founders of the Johns Hopkins Medical School and Hospital. He became Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University in 1905 and was knighted in 1911 in recognition of his contributions to medical science and teaching.

"Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) was a pioneering neurosurgeon and close friend to Sir William Osler. Upon Osler's death in 1919, Dr. Cushing undertook to write his biography at Lady Osler’s request. Between 1920 and 1924, Dr. Cushing collected over 7 000 letters to and from Sir William, notes and excerpts from manuscripts. Many of these were copied and the originals returned to their owners. In 1925 Cushing published the two-volume Life of Sir William Osler, which won the Pulitzer Prize the following year. Dr. Cushing later donated his research material to the Osler Library. 

"These materials, especially the letters, are an important source for Oslerian research. This online index provides access to information about materials that was previously only available to on-site visitors. It is intended to increase awareness and use of this rich collection.

"The letters and other documents indexed on this site are part of a larger collection of Oslerian material in the Harvey Cushing Fonds (P417). Photos collected by Cushing and others are available in digital format online at the William Osler Photo Collection. The index also includes original Osler material from other archival collections and fonds, including the Sir William Osler Collection (P100), the Malloch Family Fonds (P107), and the Maude Abbott Collection (P111)."

Foote was the first scientist known to have experimented on the warming effect of sunlight on different gases. In this two-page paper she theorized that changing the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would change its temperature.

"Foote conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated the interactions of the sun's rays on different gases. She used an air pump, four mercury thermometers, and two glass cylinders. First she placed two thermometers in each cylinder, then by using the air pump, she evacuated the air from one cylinder and compressed it in the other. Allowing both cylinders to reach the same temperature, she placed the cylinders in the sunlight to measure temperature variance once heated and under different moisture conditions. She performed this experiment on CO
2, common air, and hydrogen.^[11] Of the gases she tested, Foote concluded that carbon dioxide (CO
2) trapped the most heat, reaching a temperature of 125 °F (52 °C).^[12] From this experiment, she stated "“The receiver containing this gas became itself much heated—very sensibly more so than the other—and on being removed [from the Sun], it was many times as long in cooling.”^[13] Looking to the history of the Earth, Foote theorized that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature; and if, as some suppose, at one period of its history, the air had mixed with it a larger proportion than at present, an increased temperature from its own action, as well as from increased weight, must have necessarily resulted."^[14][15](Wikipedia article on Eunice Newton Foote, accessed 8-2021).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Demonstration that gases including carbon dioxide and water can absorb heat, aand could change climate. Digital facsimile from royalsocietypublishing.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Published pseudonymously by radical printer Charles Lohman who was married to the abortionist/entrpreneur Ann Lohman known as "Madame Restell." The Lohmans also sold condoms. Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

"Witebsky helped develop procedures for the isolation and partial characterization of A and B blood antigens. He also began the practice of neutralization of certain antibodies in the blood of universal blood donors.

"In 1957 he co-authored a paper the "Witebsky's postulates" which determined whether a disease entity could be regarded as an autoimmune disease:^[4]

• Direct demonstration of free circulating antibodies active at body temperature.
• Recognition of the specific antigen (for this antibody).
• Production of antibodies against same antigen in experimental animals.
• Experimental animal demonstrates same tissue changes in human." (Wikipedia article on Ernst Witebsky, accessed 8-2021)

In 1993 Rose and Bona revised Witebsky's postulates "based on direct evidence from transfer of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T-cells, indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals and circumstantial evidence from clinical clues.:^[5]

• Auto-antibodies detectable in all cases of disease.
• Experimentally reproducible by immunization with antigen.
• Experimental disease must show immunopathological lesions that parallel those in the natural disease.
• Transferable by serum or lymphoid cells." (Wikipedia article on Ernst Witebsky, accessed 8-2021).

"In 1950 and 1951, Drs. Cowen and Wolf published a series of 5 papers, super-titled, “Experimental Congenital Toxoplasmosis,” in which they demonstrated the intrauterine infection of placenta, fetus, and offspring with Toxoplasma, following its administration to pregnant mice intravaginally. They also elucidated the mechanism of disease transmission and the manifestations of toxoplasmosis in the mothers and in the products of their pregnancies, among other subjects. These investigations, which included the first histological demonstration of toxoplasmosis in the placenta of any species, together with the case reports that came before, brought them international recognition" (Geller, "In Memoriam," J. Neuropath & Exp. Neurol,. 62, 587-89).

I. Available from PubMedCentral at this link. II. Available from PubMedCentral at this link. III. Available from PubMedCentral at this link.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This study demonstrated that "vulnerable infants have a better chance of survival if they start receiving 'kangaroo mother care'--which calls for babies to spend as much time as possible in direct contact with a carefgiver's skin--immediately after birth."

From the abstract:

"Methods
"We conducted a randomized, controlled trial in five hospitals in Ghana, India, Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania involving infants with a birth weight between 1.0 and 1.799 kg who were assigned to receive immediate kangaroo mother care (intervention) or conventional care in an incubator or a radiant warmer until their condition stabilized and kangaroo mother care thereafter (control). The primary outcomes were death in the neonatal period (the first 28 days of life) and in the first 72 hours of life.

"Results
"A total of 3211 infants and their mothers were randomly assigned to the intervention group (1609 infants with their mothers) or the control group (1602 infants with their mothers). The median daily duration of skin-to-skin contact in the neonatal intensive care unit was 16.9 hours (interquartile range, 13.0 to 19.7) in the intervention group and 1.5 hours (interquartile range, 0.3 to 3.3) in the control group. Neonatal death occurred in the first 28 days in 191 infants in the intervention group (12.0%) and in 249 infants in the control group (15.7%) (relative risk of death, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.89; P=0.001); neonatal death in the first 72 hours of life occurred in 74 infants in the intervention group (4.6%) and in 92 infants in the control group (5.8%) (relative risk of death, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.04; P=0.09). The trial was stopped early on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring board owing to the finding of reduced mortality among infants receiving immediate kangaroo mother care.

"Conclusions
"Among infants with a birth weight between 1.0 and 1.799 kg, those who received immediate kangaroo mother care had lower mortality at 28 days than those who received conventional care with kangaroo mother care initiated after stabilization; the between-group difference favoring immediate kangaroo mother care at 72 hours was not significant."

The author manuscript before final editing in the New Engl. J. Med. is available from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference.)

First application of CRISPR gene editing in the successful cure of diseases. Order of authorship in the original publication: Frangoul, Altshuler, Cappellini. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The authors describe a mechanism for the observed natural viral "immunity" of individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1. A very few exceptional people have the molecular ability to steer the incoming/infecting cellular virus into the "heterochromatin" areas of their cellular genome where the virus genome is totally segregated, locked in and dormant. Consequentially, over time, most of these patients do not have any detectable virus in the blood. Of the patients reported here, one had no functional HIV viral copies in 1.5 billion cells counted, although a few "non-functional" copies were found. Another had just one functional viral copy of HIV in more than 1 billion blood cells analyzed. Order of authorship in the original paper: Jiang, Lian, Gao....

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Posted online on February 17, 2020. 2019-nCoV was an interim name for the Novel Coronavirus. These studies, which included the 3D structure of the RBD (receptor binding domain) within the S protein, provided information fundamental to the development of the mRNA vaccines for Covid-19.

From the commentary at the begining of the paper:

Published 15 July 2020. Order of authorship in original publication: Shin, Shukla, Chung....Steinmetz. Probably the first publication on the type of nanotechnology involved in production of the Moderna and Pfizer mRNA vaccines for Covid-19 — vaccines developed within unprecedented short periods of time and manufactured on unprecedented scale.

"Abstract

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link:

Covers the period 1700-1900. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A very readable and relatively brief, but comprehensive, biography. The appendix provides a complete list of Galen's works with their titles in Latin, also in English translation, correlated to the best editions and translations of each text.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.